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MACROPHOTO OF A MAGGOT OF THE BLOWFLY, CALLIPHORA

"Maggot. Macrophotograph of a maggot of the blowfly or bluebottle fly Calliphora erythrocephala. This is the larval stage in the metamorphosis of a blowfly from egg to adult. The eggs are laid in places promising abundant food for the future maggots (i.e. rotting vegetation, dung piles, exposed food and corpses). The white maggots which hatch are segmented; the mouth end (at top) tapers into a thin wedge with two mouth hooks to stabilise the maggot on its food. By secreting enzymes the maggot breaks down and liquifies its food, which is then absorbed in a fluid form. After 2 moults (3-4 days) the maggots pupate." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

MACROPHOTO OF PRAYING MANTIS EATING GRASSHOPPER

Mantis feeding. Macrophotograph of the praying mantis Mantis religiosa, eating a grasshopper. With prey clasped in its forelegs the mantis makes a meal of the head of the grasshopper. Mantis religiosa is a daytime hunter with a voracious appetite for insects. Because of its efficiency in capturing prey, in some countries the praying mantis is bred as a biological pest control organism. The familiar pose of the mantis (which means 'soothsayer or prophet'), is the prayer stance. The prehensile forelegs that effect this stance extend and retract rapidly in the act of catching its prey. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

MACROPHOTO OF A COLIAS BUTTERFLY WITH PROBOSCIS

"Butterfly proboscis. Macrophotograph of the pale clouded yellow butterfly Colias hyalae, showing its proboscis in side view. At rest the long proboscis is rolled into a spiral. It is unfolded by means of muscular action together with an increased blood pressure; it is then used to suck the nectar out of flowers. Colias hyalae is widely distributed in central Europe where it is also known as the 'golden eight' butterfly because of a figure-8 marking on the underside of the hindwing." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

SAWFLY CATERPILLARS, TENTHREDES, FEEDING ON A LEAF

Caterpillars feeding. Macrophotograph of sawfly caterpillars Tenthredes sp., feeding in unison on a leaf. As if standing on their heads, four caterpillars feed at the edge of a leaf and assume the same posture with their 'tails' in the air. Tenthredes larvae live in groups, often becoming active only at dusk or at night. The sawfly which metamorphoses from these caterpillars is in the order: Hymenoptera, related to bees, wasps and ants. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

GRAY FLESH FLY, SARCOPHAGA CARNARIA, ON GLASS

"Flesh fly on glass. Macrophotograph of a gray flesh fly Sarcophaga carnaria, standing on glass. At the tip of each foot are two pads or cushions called pulvilli which enable the fly to adhere to smooth surfaces such as glass. It is uncertain whether miniature tubes covering the foot pads secrete a glue, or whether physical effects of surface tension account for the adhesion. Positioned on the side of the head are two large compound eyes (red); hairs or setae cover the fly's head, body and legs, and may be used for touch. Sarcophaga carnaria is related to the bluebottle fly and like them is a domestic pest." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

MACROPHOTOGRAPH OF A HORSEFLY HEAD, TABANUS SP.

"Horsefly head. Macrophotograph of the head of a horsefly, Tabanus sp. Positioned on the side of the head are two large compound eyes (green) made up of many facets (ommatidia) which together are sensitive in detecting movement. A simple eye or ocellus (black) can be seen between the compound eyes, and there is a smaller ocellus above it on the forehead; ocelli can detect light, dark and shadows. Horseflies feed on the blood of warm- blooded animals such as cattle and horses, and their mouthparts (lower centre) are capable of piercing tough and thick skin. Some species of Tabanus suck the blood of humans." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

FOSSILISED INSECTS (SCIARIDAE) IN BALTIC AMBER

"Fossil insects in amber. Macrophotograph of fossilised insects (family: Sciaridae) embedded in Baltic amber. The insects are about 40 million years old, from the Upper Eocene era. Belonging to the order Diptera, they are related to flies and mosquitoes, and more closely to present day dark- winged fungus gnats. Amber is a sticky resin extruded by wounded pines and other trees; it traps small insects as it solidifies and hardens. This is one of the few processes by which fossils are preserved complete with all of their soft tissues. This original amber specimen was 40mm in length. Recovered from the Baltic provinces. Magnification: x1.4 at 6x7cm size." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/PASIEKA)

CLOSE-UP OF THE WING OF THE BUTTERFLY, NYMPHALIS

Close-up of the wing of the butterfly Nymphalis io (Nymphalidae), showing the coloured scales which cover the wing surface. Small scales overlap like shingles, each with an individual colour, and together these produce the magnificent colours and patterns of the butterfly wing. Nymphalis io is also known as the European peacock butterfly. It can be seen flying in early spring, since it spends the winter as an adult and is coaxed out from winter hiding places by the first warm rays of sunshine. Magnification: x100 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

MACROPHOTO OF A LADYBIRD BEETLE FEEDING ON APHIDS

"Macrophotograph of a 'seven-spot' ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata, feeding on aphids on a plant stalk. Aphids are the ladybird's main food source; this beetle is encouraged by gardeners since aphids are serious pests of flowers, vegetables & some fruit trees. Coccinella septem- punctata is about 7mm long, with short antennae, & despite its short legs it is a good runner and a voracious aphid hunter. Seven black spots are found on the bright red wing covers of the beetle. The red and black colour is a warning colouration to predators, because this ladybird is able to squirt distasteful fluids from its limb joints." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

MACROPHOTO OF A LADYBIRD BEETLE FEEDING ON APHIDS

"Macrophotograph of a 'seven-spot' ladybird beetle Coccinella septempunctata, feeding on aphids on a plant stalk. Aphids are the ladybird's main food source; this beetle is encouraged by gardeners since aphids are serious pests of flowers, vegetables & some fruit trees. Coccinella septem- punctata is about 7mm long, with short antennae, & despite its short legs it is a good runner and a voracious aphid hunter. Seven black spots are found on the bright red wing covers of the beetle. The red and black colour is a warning colouration to predators, because this ladybird is able to squirt distasteful fluids from its limb joints." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

FALSE-COLOUR SEM OF THE HEAD OF A FRUIT FLY

"False-colour scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of the head of a fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster. Here, one of two multifaceted compound eyes (red) is seen; above this are antennae consisting of small fleshy pads with bristle-like extensions called aristas. On the snout is a proboscis which is designed like a suction tube; palps of the mouthparts occur on either side of it. Hairs or setae cover the fly's head, and may be used for touch. Its wings (at bottom, blue) have been drawn forward. Drosophila melanogaster is widely used for genetic experiments, particularly on mutation, because it reproduces rapidly and easily in the laboratory. Magnification: x65 at 6x7cm size. x87 at 4x5ins. & x58 at 6x6cm size." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

MACROPHOTOGRAPH OF THE PROBOSCIS OF A BUTTERFLY

Macrophotogaph of the proboscis of a pale clouded yellow butterfly, Colias hyalae, which belongs to the order known as Lepidoptera. The long proboscis is used by this insect to suck the nectar out of flowers. At rest the proboscis is rolled into a spiral between the labial palps. It is unfolded by means of muscular action together with an increased blood pressure. The pale clouded yellow butterfly is well diffused in central Europe where it is also known as the 'golden eight' because of the figure-8 marking on the underside of the hindwing. (See H110/512: a straw in a glass) (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

THE PREDATORY LIMB OF THE MANTIS RELIGIOSA

Macrophotograph of the predatory limb of the praying mantis, Mantis religiosa. It belongs to the order known as Dictyoptera which contains two groups of animals: the cockroaches and the mantids. The predatory limb of the praying mantis is formed by a femur (top) and a tibia and both are equipped with two rows of spines. In the resting position, femur and tibia are folded together and held close to the thorax in the praying posture. In one twentieth of a second they are opened and extended forward to catch a prey which is then firmly secured by the spines. (See H100/404 for the analogy with a penknife) (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

FALSE-COLOUR SEM OF THE FOOT OF A FLY

False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the foot of an unidentified fly. The foot consists of two claws (rusty brown) and two pads or cushions called pulvilli (yellowish brown). The claws are used for gripping rough surfaces and the pads for adhering to smooth surfaces. A brush of tube-like glandular hairs known as tenent hairs covers the pulvilli, secreting a sticky substance which allows the fly to land on any smooth surface. Magnification: x125 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

F/COLOUR SEM OF MUTANT FRUIT FLY WITH FOUR WINGS

False-colour scanning electron micrograph of a mutant fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, with four wings. The normal fly has one pair of wings. Drosophila melanogaster has been used for many years in genetic research because it is easy to raise in large numbers in the laboratory, repro- duces rapidly, and many of its mutations are easy to see under a low-powered microscope. Adult flies are 2-3mm long. Among the structures of the fly which are affected by mutations are the length of wings, eye-colour & body bristles. An entirely new pair of wings is unusual. Drosophila is probably the animal which has contributed most to genetic studies. Magnification: x6.5 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

THE MANTIS, MANTIS RELIGIOSA: INTIMIDATION POSTURE

The praying mantis Mantis religiosa in an intimi- dation posture. This green coloured mantis relies on its body colour for camouflage among the plants on which it lives. When disturbed, as seen here, this mantis raises its front legs to reveal two white spots that mimic eyes. These would startle the enemy. Mantis religiosa also raises its wings creating a noise which resembles crumpled paper. By raising its wings the insect appears larger, especially when seen from side-on. The noise of the wings add to this intimidation display. Predators of the praying mantis include birds, reptiles and amphibians. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

F/COLOUR SEM OF A CAT FLEA, CTENOCEPHALIDES FELIS

False-colour scanning electron micrograph of a cat flea Ctenocephalides felis, caught in the middle of a jump. At top is the helmet-shaped head with combs, a round compound eye, and palps (centre) from the biting mouthparts. The body is flattened laterally so that it is higher than wide, designed to maximise movement through the fur and hair of the host's skin. The strong spines on the body and head combs prevent the flea from slipping out of the fur. The jumping hindlegs are here extended, with hip and knee joints involved in propulsion. Ctenocephalides felis feeds on the blood of cats and mostly remains on the host only while feeding. Magnification: x75 at 4x5 inch, x45 at 6x7cm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

F/COLOUR SEM OF TERMITE, RETICULITERMES HESPERUS

"False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the head of a soldier termite Reticulitermes hesperus. At centre, the rounded head lacks eyes, and there are mites crawling on the head. A pair of segment- ed antennae can be seen. Palps and biting mouth- parts (centre left) are this soldier's weapons of attack and defence. The narrow, wingless thorax with thoracic legs is at lower right. Soldier termites of Reticulitermes hesperus are smaller than the reproductive individuals in the colony; they are sterile with reproductive organs only slightly developed. Their role is to guard the nest. Reticulitermes lives in northern temperate regions. Mag: x50 at 4x5 inch, x30 at 6x7cm size." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

FALSE-COLOUR SEM OF AMERICAN COCKROACH: FRONT VIEW

"False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (view from the front). At centre is the head with long antennae and compound eyes. The biting and chewing mouthparts of mandible and tentacle-like palps can be seen. The body is flattened; above the head is the pronotum, an exoskeleton shield that protects organs of the thorax. The spined legs are attached to the thorax and enable Periplaneta americana to move fast. This cockroach is a large, nocturnal (night active) species which prefers warmth. Orig- inally from Florida, it is a widespread household pest in many countries. Cockroaches are disease carriers. Magnification: x8 at 6x7cm size." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

FALSE-COLOUR SEM OF AMERICAN COCKROACH (TOP VIEW)

"False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (view from above). At top is the head with long antennae and compound eyes. The flattened body is oval in shape; the forewings are hardened and it is the hindwings beneath these that are used for flight; on the last segment of the abdomen are a pair of cerci (sensory structures). The legs are spined. Periplaneta americana is a large, nocturnal (night active) insect that can move fast and prefers warmth. Originally from Florida, it has become a widespread household pest in many countries. Their diet is broad and they are known to carry disease. Magnification: x5 at 4x5 inch size, x3 at 6x7cm." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

PHOTO OF A HOVERFLY TRAPPED BY A CAPE SUNDEW

"Macrophotograph of a hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii, trapped by the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis (Cape sundew). Drosera is commonly found throughout the British Isles. It owes its popular name to the drops of sticky fluid, secreted by the tentacles on the leaves, which glisten in the sun like dew. Insects are attracted by the leaves & get caught in the sticky tentacles. The struggling insect stimulates the hairs to bend over; when it dies the tentacles secrete a digestive juice that breaks down the soft parts of its body. Drosera usually grows in bogs & lives on wet acid soils. Mineral nutrients are derived from the insects as the plant has a poorly developed root system." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

HEAD OF A BUMBLE BEE WITH TONGUE EXTENDED.

"Stereomicroscope photograph of the head of a buff- tailed bumble bee, Bombus terrestris. This is a worker bee, its tongue extended to suck nectar from a flower. This is a social species which nests underground; nectar is collected by the workers and converted to honey in the crop. The honey is stored in the nest to feed the growing larvae. Magnification: x3.2 at 35mm size." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

FALSE COL.SEM OF A WASP STING.

False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the sting of the common wasp, Vespula vulgaris. The sting introduces around 50 microgrammes of venom into the skin, causing inflammation and localised pain. This is only dangerous if the resulting swelling obstructs breathing or if the victim is allergic to the venom. In addition to a number of allergenic compounds the venom contains substances such as 5-hydroxytryptamine, bradykinin, catecholamines and cholinesterase. The application of an antihistamine cream relieves the irritation caused by the sting by counteracting the increased flow of histamine in the tissues which results. Magnification: x25 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

FIREFLIES OVER A WISCONSIN CORNFIELD

Fireflies (visible as faint streaks of green light) gathered over a cornfield on a July evening in Wisconsin, USA. Members of the family Lampy- ridae, these harmless, nocturnal beetles exhibit bioluminescence, the ability of an organism to emit visible light. The energy system for the bioluminescence is of extremely high efficiency, no excess heat is produced, and involves enzyme reactions with oxygen. The insect regulates the flashes of light by controlling the amount of air admitted to the bioluminescent organ, located on its abdomen. The flashing lights enable fireflies to signal their presence to one another, this is of special importance during the mating season. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/KEITH KENT)

SCHWEIZ WALD BORKENKAEFER FALLE

In der Schweiz sind noch nie so viele Borkenkaefer in die Falle geflogen wie 1991. Entsprechend hoch waren die Zwangsnutzungen, die durch das bedeutendste Waldinsekt noetig wurden. Die Bedrohung durch die bekannteste Borkenkaeferart, den "Buchdrucker", duerfte fuer den Schweizer Wald weiter zunehmen. Zwei Angestellte der Eidgenoessischen Forschungsanstalt fuer Wald, Schnee und Landschaft WSL werten eine Borkenkaefer-Falle aus. Aufgenommen im Jahr 1991. (KEYSTONE/Str)

MOSQUITO FEEDING ON HUMAN SKIN

Close-up of an unidentified species of mosquito feeding on human skin. The mosquito's long proboscis (thin, reddish-brown structure) is visible penetrating the skin at right. The elbow- shaped mouthpart which is seen gripping the proboscis at skin level is the stylet sheath, a modified labium. This sheath normally covers the proboscis, but bends backwards as the mosquito bites, allowing the proboscis to slide through its tip and enter the host's skin. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/)

GALL

Close-up of part of an oak tree, Quercus sp., showing leaves, acorns and an unidentifed gall (the shapeless, shiny structure at upper left). A gall is an abnormal outgrowth or swelling formed by a plant as a result of attack by parasites such as bacteria, fungi, nematodes, insects and mites. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ADAM HART-DAVIS)

BEE FLY , BOMBYLIUS , DRINKING NECTAR

High-speed photograph of the bee fly Bombylius major having landed on the flower Valeriana and about to drink nectar. The long proboscis of this fly is used to reach nectar found at the base of the flower tube. In the process of feeding, pollen grains attach to this long mouthpart and Bombylius acts as a pollinator, transferring pollen to other Valeriana flowers. Bee flies (family Bombyliidae), despite their unusual appearance, are true flies belonging to the order Diptera. The larvae of the genus Bombylius are parasites of various species of bee. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

SPIDER WRAPPING ITS PREY IN SILK

Macrophotograph of the spider Argiope bruennichi wrapping up its prey in silk. The spider spins a large orb web at ground level in grass and other vegetation. When an insect, such as this grasshopper, becomes trapped in the web, the spider leaps out and envelops it in a tight- fitting sheath of silk. Once the insect is immobilised, the spider injects it with venom from its chelicerae. The venom not only paralyses the prey, but also begins the process of digestion. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

MACROPHOTO OF WOODWORM TUNNELS IN TIMBER

"Macrophotograph of woodworm tunnels in a roof timber. The tunnels are made by the woodworm beetle, Anobium punctatum. Both the adults and their larvae attack wood, but it is the larvae which cause the most damage. Eggs are laid on the surface of dead wood, including beams & rafters, timber, furniture and dead trees, and the larvae hatch out and begin to eat their way inwards. The damage can be extensive without being noticeable; a few holes on the surface reveal little of the network of tunnels inside." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/JANE SHEMILT, COSINE GRAPHICS)

FALSE-COLOUR SEM OF THE HEAD OF A LACEWING.

False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the head of an adult green lacewing Chrysopa carnea. A prominent feature is the compound eye, coloured orange here, which consists of numerous individual facets called ommatidia. The antennae, between the eyes, are covered in sensory hairs. This species of adult lacewing is unusual in that it may spend the winter in human houses. Its colour then changes from green to red/brown. Twilight feeders, they prey on smaller insects, especially aphids & insect larvae. Magnification: x26 at 6x6cm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

SEM OF THE HEAD OF A BITING MIDGE

"False-colour scanning electron micrograph of the head & thorax of a biting midge (family Cerato- pogonidae). Biting midges are tiny, blood-thirsty flies; some species suck the blood of all warm- blooded animals, including humans, while others prefer cold-blooded animals. The long, beaded appendages (top) are antennae. Just below these are two short palps and, protruding from between them, the rod-like proboscis through which the fly feeds. Two large compound eyes (green) envelop the head almost completely. Behind the head is the front end of the thorax (visible above & below the eyes), the first pair of legs (bottom), & the wings (blue). Magnification: x60 at 6x6cm size." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

SCHWEIZ LANDWIRTSCHAFT SCHAEDLINGBEKAEMPUNG TAFEL ALS INSEKTENFAENGER

Ernst Maeder, Direktor der Gemuese-Union, rechts, deutet auf eine Tafel, die als Insektenfaenger aller Arten dient. Tiziano Pedrinis von der kantonalen Beratungsstelle fuer Ackerbau des Kantons Tessin, links, haelt diese zu Anschauungszwecken in der Hand. Mit dieser Tafel kann ein Einsatz mit Insektiziden verringert oder vermieden werden. Aufgenommen auf einem Karottenfeld im Kanton Tessin in den 1990er-Jahren. (KEYSTONE/Str)

TERMITE MOUND BUILT BY WORKER TERMITES

Termite mound built by worker termites from soil particles cemented together with saliva and excrement. This mound is about 10ft tall & is found in the Northern Territory, Australia. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/ANDY CLARKE)

NASUTE TERMITES ,TRINIDAD

Nasute termites, Trinidad: soldier termites guard a column of workers as they run along a termite trail searching for food. The workers have large, rounded heads, whereas the heads of the smaller soldier termites are elongated into a sharp, conical process, used as a defensive weapon. A gland in the head of the soldier termite secretes a sticky, glue-like substance which is squirted out of the head process in a fine stream and can incapacitate ants and other small predators. The name 'nasute' termite is derived from the Latin nasutus meaning long-nosed. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR MORLEY READ)

WASP HELPING WORKER TO HATCH

Polistes wasp, Polistes gallicus, beginning to hatch, closely watched by one of its sister workers. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

BACKSWIMMER REPLENISHING ITS AIR

Backswimmer (Notonecta glauca) replenishing its air supply at the surface of a pond. Backswimmers, as their name implies, swim with their backs downward, rowing themselves along with their long hind legs. Air for breathing is stored in two grooves on the ventral surface, making the insect buoyant and keeping it in its inverted position. To replenish its air reserve the insect returns to the surface and pushes the end of its abdomen up out of the water. The backswimmer is also adept at flying, but cannot take off from the swimming position. It must first crawl onto land, right itself and dry its wings before taking to the air. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CLAUDE NURIDSANY & MARIE PERENNOU)

CLUSTER OF BLACK BEAN APHIDS APHIS SAMBUCI

Macrophotograph of a cluster of black bean aphids Aphis sambuci, wingless females, on the stem of a plant. They feed off the sugary sap of the plant stem causing the leaves to yellow, wilt and finally die. They are serious plant pests of certain crops, flowers and houseplants. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

LM OF HUMAN HEAD/BODY LOUSE

"Light micrograph of the human head/body louse, Pediculus humanus. P. humanus is divided into two subspecies; the head louse P. humanus capitis and the body louse P. humanus corporis. The body louse lives in clothing and only moves onto the skin to eat, whereas the head louse is restricted to the hair of the head. Despite this difference in habitat, the two lice differ only slightly in shape and are capable of interbreeding. Head lice glue their eggs (nits) to hairs, while the clothes louse mainly uses the folds of the seams in clothing. Magnification: x18 at 6x6 cm size, x9 at 35mm." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/JOHN BURBIDGE)

A NEWLY EMERGED FEMALE MANTIS

"A newly emerged female mantis Sphodromantis gastrica, from Lagos, Nigeria. The mantis is a daytime hunter, with a voracious & indiscriminate appetite for insects, lizards, frogs and even small birds. In some countries (eg. USA) this aspect is exploited & the mantis bred as a biological pest control organism. The creature is well known for its cannibalism; the female is reputed to feed on her partner during mating. The mantis (meaning soothsayer or prophet) adopts its familiar praying stance when waiting to make a kill. The prehensile forelegs that effect this stance extend & retract rapidly in the act of grasping prey." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/VAUGHAN FLEMING)

CAMOUFLAGED GIANT BUSH CRICKET

A well camouflaged giant bush cricket or katydid from near Macchupichu, Peru. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/VAUGHAN FLEMING)

NORTH AMERICAN LUPIN STEM

"North American lupin aphids, Macrosyphum albifroms, feeding on a lupin stem. The large female on the left is giving birth to a live nymph. Unlike most aphids, which have alternating generations which feed on two different hosts, this species feeds only on the lupin. Commonly known as plant lice, greenfly or blackfly, aphids extract the sap of their host plant via sucking mouthparts. Their immense reproductive capabil- ities make many of them serious pests. The two short 'horns' at the aphid's rear are cornicles. These are utilised when the aphid is threatened; blood containing wax-filled blood cells is released to coat the mouthparts of the attacker." (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/VAUGHAN FLEMING)

EUGLOSSINE BEE VISITING A WASP ORCHID

A euglossine bee visits a wasp orchid, Gongora quinquinervis. Gongora flowers emit a powerful resinous perfume which attracts male euglossine bees. They brush the surface of the flower with the tufts of hair on their forelegs as they hover, gathering the perfume droplets which are then tranferred to a container on the tibiae of their hind legs. This scent is used by the bee as a pheremone or sex attractant. The orchid benefits from the relationship because the bee may inadvertantly pick up a pollinium, a bundle of pollen grains, and transport it to the next orchid it visits. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR MORLEY READ)

DRYADOBLATTA, A COCKROACH FROM TRINIDAD

Dryadoblatta sp., a cockroach from Trinidad which inhabits the giant bromeliad Glomeropitcairnia. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR MORLEY READ)

MACROPHOTO OF FEMALE BLUEBOTTLE FLY LAYING EGGS

Macrophotograph of a female bluebottle fly Calliphora erythrocephala, laying her eggs on the surface of a piece of raw beefsteak left exposed in the kitchen. The eggs are laid on the meat to ensure a plentiful supply of food for the larvae, which eat only decaying meat or vegetables. Magnification: x1.8 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

LARVAL STAGE OF THE COMMON SEVEN-SPOTTED LADYBIRD

The larval stage of the common seven-spotted ladybird Coccinella 7-punctata, feeding on green aphids, Myzus persicae, on the underside of a stinging nettle leaf Urtica dioica. Ladybird larvae and adults, are voracious eaters, consuming large quantities of aphids as their favoured food. They are encouraged by gardeners since aphids are serious pests of flowers, vegetables and some fruit trees. Ladybird eggs hatch after about one week. The larvae are pale yellow at first, but after successive moults the skin darkens and the spots on their back turn from white to orange. They feed for about three weeks after which they pupate. Ladybirds belong in the family of beetles. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

THREE SEVEN-SPOTTED LADYBIRDS

A group of three seven-spotted ladybirds (family Coccinellidae) feeding on aphids inhabiting a rose tree. Ladybirds are beetles. As predators of aphids, they perform a useful function in controlling this serious garden pest. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

CLUSTER OF FEMALE MEALY BUGS

Cluster of female mealy bugs Planococcus citri feeding on the stem of a succulent Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Mealy bugs are scale insects. They are atypical insects in that the females possess no wings & are often legless. The males are winged, but are so small they usually escape notice. The citrus mealy bug is not native to England although it survives in greenhouses, where it feeds on cacti & succulents. Mealy bugs feed on plant sap, which weakens the plant, causing it to wilt and often die. They produce small tufts of cotton, under which they are hidden and protected from certain predators. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

MACROPHOTO OF NORMAL & MUTANT FRUIT FLY

Macro photograph of a normal & a mutant fruit fly of the species Drosophila melanogaster. The fly on the right, with the red compound eye, is the natural, or wild type, known as Oregon R. The fly on the left is a mutant type known as White Miniature Forked. It has white eyes, shorter wings than the normal fly, & the bristles on its face & body are distorted & forked. D. melanogaster has been used for many years in genetic studies because it is easy to raise in large numbers, reproduces rapidly, & many of its mutations are easy to spot under a low-powered light microscope. The adult flies are 2-3mm long. Magnification: x15 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS)

THE FLY

The Fly, aka: Die Fliege, USA 1986, Regie: David Cronenberg, Darsteller: Jeff Goldblum (KEYSTONE/UNITED ARCHIVES/IFTN)

TIERE IM WALD - STABHEUSCHRECKEN ODER STABSCHRECKEN

Berggorilla - Die Stabheuschrecken gehoeren in die Ordnung der Gespenstschrecken, obwohl sie nicht zu springen vermoegen. Sie sind haeufig auch in den Virungawaeldern zu finden. Zu sehen bekommt man sie jedoch selten, weil sie nachtaktive Wesen sind und nur im Dunkeln auf Bueschen und Baeumen ihrer pflanzlichen Nahrung nachsteigen und essen. Tagsueber verharren sie absolut reglos, und ihre Koerper sehen in der Form und Farbe den aestchen, auf denen sie sich aufhalten, taeuschend aehnlich und sind darum nicht wahrzunehmen. Sie nutzen ihre Bewegungsruhe bei Tag, ihr Aussehen, ihre Faerbung und ihr nachaktives Leben als perfekte Tarnung. | Heimliche Mitbewohner der Berggorillas im Virungawald. (KEYSTONE/Joerg Hess)

WORKER HONEYBEES

Worker honeybees, Apis mellifera filling the hexagonal chambers of a frame with honey made from nectar. The domesticated bee is given a frame with hexagonal foundations, several such frames forming a hive. The chambers are built up from wax secreted by the bee, filled with honey & capped again with wax (uncapped here). The keeper removes the frames in late summer to prevent the bees feeding on the honey over winter. He replaces it with syrup. Frames similar to these are used as breeding chambers where the queen lays her eggs. They are slotted into the bottom half of the hive & separated from the food storage frames by a divider. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID PARKER .)

GERMAN COCKROACH

Blatella germanica, the German cockroach, crawling over a bread board. The specimen is a pregnant female. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/MARTIN DOHRN)

MACROPHOTO OF HEAD OF A WORKER HONEY BEE

Macrophotograph of the head of a worker honey bee Apis mellifera. Magnification: x3 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR. JEREMY BURGESS)

PHOTOMICROGRAPH OF AN UNIDENTIFIED FAIRY FLY

Photomicrograph of an unidentified fairy fly (family Mymaridae) (x20) (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR. HAROLD ROSE)

MACROPHOTO OF AN EGG RAFT OF THE MOSQITO

Macrophotograph of an egg raft of the mosquito Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus, floating on the surface of a small body of water. Magnification X8 (at 35mm size). (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/MARTIN DOHRN)

MACROPHOTOGRAPH OF THE GREAT DIVING BEETLE LARVA.

Macrophotograph of the larva of the great diving beetle Dytiscus marginalis feeding on a tadpole of the common grass frog Rana temporaria, seen as a dark mass in the bottom foreground. Magnification: x1 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR. JEREMY BURGESS)

CICADA

Greengrocer cicada, Cychlochilla australasiae resting on a branch after just shedding its pupal casing. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/CREDIT : J GALL)

LM OF AN UNIDENTIFIED MAYFLY

Mayfly. Light micrograph of an unidentified mayfly (order: Ephemeroptera). Black nerve cords are seen running along the body from the region of the rounded compound eye. Two fan-like projections on the back are the gills. The mayfly spends most of its life in the larval form (anywhere from several months to 2-3 years) living and feeding in an aquatic environment. The adult, however, lives on the wing only from a few hours to a few days. Its primary function is to reproduce. The name mayfly is somewhat misleading since they can be found near bodies of water from April through October, in warm regions the year round. Magnification: x6 at 35mm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/JOHN WALSH)

SEM OF A GROUP OF WINGLESS APHIDS

False colour scanning electron micrograph of a group of wingless aphids (family Aphidoidea), feeding on a plant stem. Commonly known as plant lice, they are specialised plant feeders, exploiting two different hosts during a season. Large populations of aphids develop rapidly & plants are quickly depleted of food, causing them to wilt & die. The proboscis of the aphid on the far right has penetrated the stem & is drinking the sugary plant juices. The head also contains the segmented antennae & lateral compound eyes. At the posterior end are two short tubes called cornicles, which secrete pheremones & waxes. Magnification x20 at 35mm, x40 at 6x4.5cm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

SEM OF MAGGOTS OF THE GREEN BLOW FLY

Scanning electron micrograph of maggots (2 hours old) of the greenbottle, or green blow fly, Lucilia caesar, feeding on a piece of raw beef. The greenbottle lays eggs in places of abundant food for the future maggots (rotting vegetation, dung piles, exposed food & corpses). The mouth end (front maggot, the others showing posteriors), tapers into a thin wedge with two mouth hooks to stabilise the maggot. Secreted enzymes breakdown & liquify the meat which, is then absorbed. After 2 moults (3-4 days), the maggots (larvae) pupate. Adult flies frequent unsavoury places & as a result pick up & transmit diseases to humans. Magnification: X9 at 35mm, X60 at 10x8 inch size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS .)

SEM OF HATCHING EGG OF LARGE WHITE BUTTERFLY

False colour scanning electron micrograph of a hatching egg of the large white butterfly, Pieris brassicae, showing the first glimpse of the caterpillar through the shell. The eggs are laid in large groups, usually on the undersurface of leaves of nasturtiums & Crucifer crops such as cabbage, broccoli, swedes etc. These caterpillars (larvae) hatched in early September. They will overwinter as pupae emerging in May as adult butterflies. The young ones feed only on the cuticle of the leaf until the first moult, when the diet expands to include the whole leaf. The voracious appetite of these pests can lead to the defoliation of whole crops. Mag: X29 at 35mm size. original is bw print z355/132 (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DR JEREMY BURGESS .)

FALSE-COL SEM OF A MALE MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY

False-colour scanning electron micrograph of a male Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata. Its head is dominated by large compound eyes & the 'flags' on top of the head, a male feature. The antennae, between the eyes, consist of 2 stubby protuberances with bristle-like extensions called aristas. Two palps, or tactile feelers, are above the trumpet-shaped opening of the proboscis at the bottom of the picture. The proboscis is a sucking tube ending in 2 fleshy lobes called labellae that mop up fermenting juices through a system of fine tubes. The fly is an agricultural pest, damaging fruit crops in California & elsewhere. Magnificat- ion: x13 at 35mm size, x26 at 6x7cm size. Ref: MICROCOSMOS, fig. 3.22, page 55 (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)

FALSE-COLOUR SEM OF A MEDITERRANEAN FRUIT FLY

False-colour scanning electron micrograph (SEM) of a Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata), female. Note compound eyes, tinted green. The fly is of great agricultural importance, damaging fruit crops in California, Hawaii & other parts of the world. They lay their eggs in fruit which the larvae subsequently eat & destroy. Magnification: X 13 at 35mm size, X 26 at 6x7cm size. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/DAVID SCHARF)