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COMMENCEMENT OF THE THAMES EMBANKMENT WORKS NEAR WESTMINSTER BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Commencement of the Thames Embankment works near Westminster Bridge, 1864. View of '...piles being driven in, and scaffolding of an extensive character being erected to support and carry the heavy cranes to be used in sinking caissons. This work is preparatory to forming a cofferdam, and thereafter proceeding with excavations for a solid foundation, which must necessarily be laid very deep...The caissons are twelve feet by seven, and the coffer-dams...are remarkable for being constructed, not of timber...but of iron, which, it is thought, will afford great advantages over the old-fashioned material...the chief attention of the contractor is at present confined to...its so-called "special" works for a handsome steam-boat landing-stage...Mr. Furness...has undertaken the contract with the Metropolitan Board of Works...for the sum of £520,000. The works comprise, beside the open roadway and the approaches to the river, two distinct subterranean features - a subway immediately below the road in which gas and water pipes and telegraph wires will be laid, so as to avoid the necessity of breaking up the road whenever repairs of these are needed; and beneath the subway a great sewer, forming part of the system of low-level drainage lately planned'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Commencement of the Thames Embankment works near Westminster Bridge, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE WEST HARTLEY NO. 1, A NEW FLAT-BOTTOMED SCHOONER FOR THE COAL TRADE OF NEW SOUTH WALES, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The West Hartley No. 1, a new flat-bottomed schooner for the coal trade of New South Wales, 1864. One of two vessels '...built by Messrs. Lewis and Stockwell for Messrs. Broomfield and Whitaker...They are perfectly flat- bottomed, and, when loaded for Sydney, only drew 2 ft. 9 in. With this very light draught of water, they have just completed the voyage to Sydney, a distance of 16,000 miles. Although they experienced very severe weather, they arrived in good condition. They are intended for the West Hartley Coal Company, of New South Wales, and are to be employed in carrying coals to Sydney from Lake Macquarie, where the company have some very extensive coal-mines...As the harbour of Lake Macquarie is a bar harbour, with only four feet depth at high water, vessels of a very light draught are necessarily required to convey this coal to Sydney...Their success appears to have solved the problem of the safety of such light-draught vessels in making long ocean voyages, and it will, perhaps, do away with the tedious process of first building the vessels in England, then pulling them to pieces and sending them out in ships, and, when arrived at their destination, rebuilding them at great labour and cost'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The West Hartley No. 1, a new flat-bottomed schooner for the coal trade of New South Wales, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE NEW IMPERIAL STEAM-YACHT, TALIAH, BUILT FOR THE SULTAN, 1864. CREATOR: SMYTH.

The new imperial steam-yacht, Taliah, built for the Sultan, 1864. The yacht, constructed '...by Messrs. Samuda, made her trial-trip recently, with the Turkish Ambassador, M. Musurus, on board. She proceeded at an extraordinary rate from Tilbury Fort to the Nore, where her speed was tried at the measured mile, when the result attained was - against tide, 16.216 knots; with tide, 19.251 knots, giving an average of 17.75 knots, or twenty miles and a half an hour. The Sultan may thus congratulate himself on possessing one of the swiftest vessels afloat. Her burden is over 1100 tons. The engines, which are by Penn, are marvels of their kind, with a double set of boilers; the nominal horse power is 350, but that indicated on the trial-trip was 2700. The main object of the vessel is speed. Space is sacrificed to machinery, and she is built on the finest possible lines...Her speed is that of an average railway-train, and, according to one account, she rushes through the air at such a pace that it is not easy for a person on deck to keep his hat on, even in a calm...Messrs. Samuda and Penn may justly feel proud of having constructed this yacht'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The new imperial steam-yacht, Taliah, built for the Sultan, 1864. Creator: Smyth. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ARMSTRONG 600-POUNDER AGAINST THE WARRIOR FLOATING TARGET, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Experiments with the Armstrong 600-pounder against the Warrior floating target, 1864. 'The sight presented by the target when struck was very grand. The shell, from its enormous size, was distinctly seen throughout its flight of 1000 yards from the gun to the target, and as the shell exploded an immense volume of smoke and flame instantly enveloped the target. Above the smoke pieces of plank were seen flying in the air, announcing the demolition of the box in the rear...On taking the target to pieces the shattering effect was found to have extended far beyond the limits of the hole...The whole of [the] inclosing planks were torn off and blown away by the explosion of the shell. One of the massive timber struts was also tom away from the target by the blast, and another was broken laterally by the same cause. The Engraving shows the appearance of the target and the sea immediately around it at the moment the shell burst; the fragments of the wood inclosure were sent into the air, and portions of the shell and the splinters were hurled into the surrounding water. This sketch was taken from a point in front of the barracks at Shoeburyness, and from it may be readily gathered an idea of the deadly nature of this ponderous missile'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Experiments with the Armstrong 600-pounder against the Warrior floating target, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

EXPERIMENTS WITH THE ARMSTRONG 600-POUNDER AGAINST THE WARRIOR FLOATING TARGET, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Section of the Warrior floating target, showing the hole made by the 600-pound shell and the displacement of the upper plate, 1864. Diagram of '...a section through the target as it would appear if cut vertically through the centre of the hole made by the shell...the target was composed externally of armour plating 4½ in. thick, resting upon and bolted to a solid backing of teak 18 in. thick, which backing was again supported by an inner plating and framework representing the body of the ship...On taking the target to pieces the shattering effect was found to have extended far beyond the limits of the hole...Previous to the practice the timber supports at the back of the target were covered with planks strongly nailed to the timbers...The whole of these inclosing planks were torn off and blown away by the explosion of the shell. One of the massive timber struts was also tom away from the target by the blast, and another was broken laterally by the same cause. The shell appears to have exploded just as it entered the timber-backing, and it made a hole in the back of the target about four times as large as that in the front...The displacement of the armour plate and the damage to the timber backing is clearly shown in our Engraving'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Experiments with the Armstrong 600-pounder against the Warrior floating target, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE PENINSULAR AND ORIENTAL COMPANY’S NEW PADDLE-WHEEL STEAMER NYANZA, 1864. CREATOR: SMYTH.

The Peninsular and Oriental Company's new paddle-wheel steamer Nyanza, 1864. A ship built by the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company from designs by Mr. G. C. Mackrow '...has made her first trip from Southampton to Alexandria with the Bombay mails...The engines, made by Messrs. J. and G. Rennie...are of 450 horse-power nominal...She has berths for 143 first and 34 class passengers, with large capacity for cargo and mails'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Peninsular and Oriental Company’s new paddle-wheel steamer Nyanza, 1864. Creator: Smyth. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

PROFESSOR HASNER'S AUTOMATIC EYEBALL, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Professor Hasner's automatic eyeball, 1862. '...mechanical model of the eye,...made chiefly for the purpose of demonstrating the complicated and beautifully-contrived muscular movements of the human eyeball...[formed of] a hollow sphere of brass acting on a ball-and-socket joint...A set of strings being secured at proper intervals around the eyeball, each one of which is inserted with anatomical correctness, represent the several muscles of the human eye, and pass at a given distance to a set of small rollers, seen in the Engraving...Each of the rollers has a small pointer, which moves when the string is set in motion over the face of the semicircular plate seen standing near. Each thread then descends to the interior of the box, and is there made fast to as many levers or keys...The keys...when touched, indicate the name of the muscle put in motion, at the same instant its angular movement and deviation are accurately recorded and measured...the pointer shows with mathematical accuracy the limits of [the eyeball's] movements, as well as the power exerted, as one after the other are made to move the globe upwards, downwards, inwards, or outwards. The inventor has generously presented the instrument to the London Ophthalmic Hospital'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Professor Hasner's automatic eyeball, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE SUSPENSION BRIDGE OVER THE AVON AT CLIFTON, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

The suspension bridge over the Avon at Clifton, 1864. Bridge connecting Bristol and Clifton. 'Mr. Brunel's...estimate was £57,000; but when £45,000 had been spent only the towers had been built, and the work came to a stop. His design was a chain bridge of a single span of 700 ft., two chains passing over two towers, and being anchored deep in the limestone rocks behind them. In 1843 all the money was gone, and the scheme was in abeyance for want of funds...Mr. Brunel, as it happened, had been the engineer of Hungerford Bridge; and when, therefore, its chains had to be pulled down and to give place to the bridge of the Charing-cross Railway, it occurred to Mr. Hawkshaw to have them applied to the completion of one of the greatest of all Mr. Brunel's bridge designs...The chains of Hungerford Bridge were purchased for £5000...The towers over which these chains pass are built after the massive and ponderous style of Egyptian architecture...The total span of the bridge is 702 ft. 3 in., and its height above the water is 260 ft. It is thus the longest and highest suspension-bridge in the world. All the iron work, wrought or cast, has been supplied by the Messrs. Cochrane'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The suspension bridge over the Avon at Clifton, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SCENE FROM "THE WORKMEN OF PARIS", AT THE ADELPHI THEATRE; PARIS BY MOONLIGHT, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Scene from "The Workmen of Paris", at the Adelphi Theatre; Paris by Moonlight, 1864. London stage production. 'There are two novel and elaborate scenic effects, which greatly add to the attractions of the play. One of them...is a view of Paris by moonlight, taking in the Pont Neuf and the Cité, with the towers of Notre Dame in the background. The reality of this picture is heightened by the introduction of lighted lamps and similar appliances, producing a spectacle which in its kind has not been surpassed...Mr. Gates is the painter of this scene... The dramatic interest of the piece, with the powerful acting of Mr. Benjamin Webster, will probably continue to draw for many nights a crowded audience who may not care to discuss its moral teaching'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Scene from "The Workmen of Paris", at the Adelphi Theatre; Paris by Moonlight, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE NEW SCREW STEAM-SHIP CUBA, OF THE CUNARD LIVERPOOL AND NEW YORK LINE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The new screw steam-ship Cuba, of the Cunard Liverpool and New York Line, 1864. Engraving from a drawing by Mr. Hugh Aird. 'The Belfast mails are carried gratuitously; but for the American mails the company are paid the annual sum of £176,340 by the Post Office authorities. They have now carried these mails for nearly thirty years, and during the whole of this time have never lost a single passenger...The Cuba has just been completed...by Messrs. Todd and MacGregor, of Glasgow, at a cost of £110,000...The propelling force is that of the oscillating geared engines, by her builders, of 650-horse power, nominal, fitted with surface- condensers and all recent improvements. The steam is supplied by four boilers heated by twenty-four furnaces. The waste steam is blown off under water, thus doing away with the disagreeable noise resulting from the old system. She has nine watertight compartments...A deckhouse, 20 ft. wide, extends from stem to stem, in which 300 passengers can dine at a time. The Cuba has also mail-sorters', butchers', bakers', confectioners and pastrycooks' rooms...She has accommodation for 300 first- class passengers, and, if employed as a troop-ship, could transport 1500 men'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The new screw steam-ship Cuba, of the Cunard Liverpool and New York Line, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

DEMOLITION OF BLACKFRIARS BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.

Demolition of Blackfriars Bridge, [London], 1864. View from the Surrey bank of the Thames, showing '...the scaffolding which has been erected facilitate the removal of materials...[Also visible are] the temporary wooden bridge...[and] the iron bridge of the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway...The old bridge, of which the remains are so quickly disappearing, was built about a hundred years ago, having been commenced in 1760 and finished in 1769...at this season, when the days are so short, [the men] have to work in the evening by the light of naphtha-lamps...A novel feature in the mechanical appliances here used is the introduction of steam-cranes, which travel upon railways laid along the beams at the top of the scaffolding, and are thus enabled to lift and carry the largest blocks of stone with unexampled rapidity...Three openings, each 70 ft. wide, are reserved for navigation, by order of the Thames Conservancy Board...Messrs. Thorne and Co. [are] the contractors...under the superintendence of Mr. F. W. Bryant'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Demolition of Blackfriars Bridge, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

DUDGEON'S NEW DOUBLE-SCREW STEAM-SHIP FLORA, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Dudgeon's new double-screw steam-ship Flora, 1862. 'A most important and interesting trial-trip has been made with this new vessel, attended with an unusual degree of interest...from the fact that the peculiar form of the vessel's construction and the disposition of her propelling steam-power, if successful on trial, combined the requisites required for our smaller ships of war...and smaller craft, as gun-vessels of six guns and less, inasmuch as she was the representative of a class of ship capable of carrying a heavy armament of guns, with a large engine-power, at a light draught of water, possessing at the same time a power of manoeuvring in a small space such as could not, under any circumstances, be possessed by a vessel with the ordinary single screw [ie propeller]...there can be no doubt that the Flora is the fastest screw steam-ship afloat. Her builders are Messrs. Dudgeon, of Millwall (both of hull and engines)...The Flora, however, is the first vessel that has been fitted with two screws and engines working separately and independently of each other; and herein lies the value of the principle in a military point of view, as giving a ship a means of rapidly revolving under steam and changing her position to any required point'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Dudgeon's new double-screw steam-ship Flora, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

DUDGEON'S NEW DOUBLE-SCREW IRON STEAM-SHIP FLORA, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Dudgeon's new double-screw iron steam-ship Flora, 1862. 'A most important and interesting trial-trip has been made with this new vessel, attended with an unusual degree of interest...from the fact that the peculiar form of the vessel's construction and the disposition of her propelling steam-power, if successful on trial, combined the requisites required for our smaller ships of war...and smaller craft, as gun-vessels of six guns and less, inasmuch as she was the representative of a class of ship capable of carrying a heavy armament of guns, with a large engine-power, at a light draught of water, possessing at the same time a power of manoeuvring in a small space such as could not, under any circumstances, be possessed by a vessel with the ordinary single screw [ie propeller]...there can be no doubt that the Flora is the fastest screw steam-ship afloat. Her builders are Messrs. Dudgeon, of Millwall (both of hull and engines)...The Flora, however, is the first vessel that has been fitted with two screws and engines working separately and independently of each other; and herein lies the value of the principle in a military point of view, as giving a ship a means of rapidly revolving under steam and changing her position to any required point'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Dudgeon's new double-screw iron steam-ship Flora, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

VIADUCT OVER THE TAPTEE, FOR THE BOMBAY, BARODA, AND CENTRAL INDIA RAILWAY, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Viaduct over the Taptee, near Surat, for the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, 1862. 'This line, one of the most important of our Indian railways...is destined to carry to Bombay the produce of the teeming cotton-plains from which our finest Indian staple is procured...By employing Mitchell's hollow cast-iron piles...[the company's consulting engineer, Colonel Pitt Kennedy] at once overcame the most serious difficulty...Three of these piers of piles...having been firmly screwed home into the clay or shale...were filled with concrete, and formed the main supporting columns of the bridge, while strut or sloping piles...served...to resist the action of the fierce monsoon currents, and fend off the whirling masses of timber and loose trees so frequently torn up and carried down by the swollen torrents...This whole system of piles...form a firm, rigid pier, on which is supported the light lattice superstructure known as Warrenne's patent girder...The regularity and uniformity of all its parts enabled the natives (who are not quick at learning new methods), after a few trials, to become wonderfully expert, and attain a speed of construction almost marvellous. The entire structure over the Taptee...was put together in eight months'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Viaduct over the Taptee, for the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: VENTILATING GLOBE LIGHTS BY MESSRS. RICKETT AND HAMMOND, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: ventilating globe lights by Messrs. Rickett and Hammond, 1862. 'Its application is twofold - first, as an ordinary pendant for illumination simply...producing a powerful, steady, and shadowless light; secondly, as a ventilating globe light, combining all the advantages derived in the first with a most efficient system of ventilation, conveying away every product of the combustion of the gas itself; establishing a healthy, gentle current for the removal of heated and vitiated air...and greatly assisting to maintain a cool and equable temperature. The importance of such result is manifest in places of public assembly, where large numbers of people are dependent upon a limited supply of air, needing constant renewal; in picture-galleries, where valuable works of art are to be well lit and yet protected against any risk of damage; in libraries, whore costly bindings require a similar care; and in conservatories, where delicate plants are peculiarly sensitive to any impurities of the atmosphere...A: the tube for carrying off the products of combustion, B B: apertures in the ceiling- plate, communicating with the pipe C C: by which the heated air of the room is conveyed away'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: ventilating globe lights by Messrs. Rickett and Hammond, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

STEEL EMBRASURE FOR THE FORTIFICATIONS OF CRONSTADT, MANUFACTURED AT MILLWALL, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Steel embrasure for the fortifications of Cronstadt, manufactured at Millwall, 1864. A '...three-gun wrought-iron shield...[made] by the Millwall Ironworks Company for the Russian Government...The shield is 43 ft. 6 in. long and 10 ft. high...The total weight is about 140 tons, and it is proposed to erect the structure...as a substitute for the stone parapet...which at present stands on the ramparts, while the guns...will be replaced by 600-pounder steel Krupp guns mounted at the embrasures, in which elevated position they will be able to sweep the decks of any opposing force of ironclads. The relative power of resistance to the impact of shot between granite and iron is here distinctly illustrated, the proportions being as nearly as possible inches in the case of the latter to feet in the instance of the former. if this experiment in iron fortification...succeeds, the revolution in the system of the defence of fortresses and forts will have practically begun. Mr. Hughes, of the Millwall Ironworks, is one of the patentees...and Mr. Lancaster, the well-known artillerist, is the other. An important feature...is the facility with which any portion of these iron fortifications can be replaced if injured, or the whole removed if desired'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Steel embrasure for the fortifications of Cronstadt, manufactured at Millwall, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

RUINS OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION BUILDING OF 1862, (1864). CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Ruins of the Great Exhibition Building of 1862, [London], (1864). Engraving from a sketch '...looking in an easterly direction along the Cromwell-road...The grand central entrance appears in the foreground; and, beyond this, a portion of the tower at the comer of the Exhibition-road. In the background are the buildings attached to the Gardens of the Horticultural Society, which mark the sight of the Exhibition Refreshment Rooms. On Tuesday last the Engineers and labourers completed the clearing away the debris of the two towers in the Exhibition-road, which had been dislodged by gunpowder. Profiting by the experience gained in connection with these new experiments for removing masses of masonry, the tower was deposed in two divisions, the force of the explosive power at the base being considerably increased, the result being that, instead of being precipitated laterally, as on the last occasion, into the road, the columns crumbled down, so to speak, upon themselves with only a slight noise and scattering of the materials. Operations will be next taken for the demolition and removal of the towers in the Albert-road, and of the grand entrance'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Ruins of the Great Exhibition Building of 1862, (1864). Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: CROSSKILL'S BELL'S REAPING-MACHINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Crosskill's Bell's reaping-machine, 1862. '...Prize Corn-mowing Machine of the trustees of W. Crosskill, Beverley...Wherever there are no furrows...[this machine] works admirably and with considerable ease. In the crop it has a reciprocating and an advancing motion...it is propelled by three horses walking abreast immediately behind the platform, which rises obliquely from the knife-bar, and receives the corn as it falls upon it. This platform is carried upon four wheels...The corn, as it falls, is carried by four endless leather straps, which traverse the platform from side to side, and is laid in regular swathe to the right or left. This is the only machine in use which does not require to be preceded by the mowman. It enters the field alone, cuts its way round, and then proceeds to work in any direction. It clears a space of 8ft. 3in, at each cut, and with three horses, working at an easy pace, will readily lay from seventeen to twenty acres low in a day, and, under favourable circumstances, more than two acres an hour. This machine owes its origin to a patent taken out in 1826 by the Rev. Mr. Bell...but his initial idea has been much improved upon'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Crosskill's Bell's reaping-machine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MARINE ENGINE BY MESSRS. ESCHER, WYSS, AND CO. OF ZURICH..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: marine engine by Messrs. Escher, Wyss, and Co. of Zurich - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. Motive power for steamships. '...the engines were exhibited completely fitted, with the portion of the vessel that forms the engine-room: the main shaft is in place, with the paddle-wheels attached...[The] marine engines exhibited by Escher, Wyss, and Co., consist of a pair of compound cylinder engines, of 30-horse power, adapted to shallow navigation; these engines weigh, including water in the boilers, about 37½ tons; they are intended to be worked at a pressure of from to five atmospheres, and are guaranteed to work up to 180-horse power, if necessary, with a consumption of 2¼lb. of best Newcastle coal per hour and per indicated horse power, and to propel a vessel...at a speed of fifteen statute miles per hour. The chief points sought to be obtained in these engines are lightness and simplicity of construction...The air-pump and feed-pumps are worked by a small auxiliary inverted steam-cylinder, the exhaust steam from which serves, by means of a blast-pipe in the funnel, to increase the combustion of the coal and the evaporative powers of the boilers'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: marine engine by Messrs. Escher, Wyss, and Co. of Zurich..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SWISS JACQUARD-LOOM FOR WEAVING RIBBONS..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Swiss jacquard-loom for weaving ribbons - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. 'This machine...is employed in weaving eight broad silk ribbons at one time. The pattern of the ribbon is a continual repetition of the Royal arms of England, done in brilliant colours on a white silk ground...it appears a huge mass of delicate machinery, threads, perforated cards...&c...it is...eight single looms in one, and consequently its parts are eight times as numerous...there is a warp of blue and white silk, and a weft of white silk: these two make the plain ribbon upon which the pattern is wrought, but to produce which requires a large number of wefts of different colours, each requiring a separate shuttle, bobbin, &c. That these coloured wefts may be inserted at the right place the threads of the warp must be lifted in a great variety of ways; and to do this that immense mass of vertical white threads in the middle of the loom called the gears or healds becomes necessary. These are brought into action in sets at the necessary moment of time by means of the endless chain of perforated cards at the top of the machine, and which give to it the peculiar character known as the Jacquard principle'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Swiss jacquard-loom for weaving ribbons..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MESSRS. MAUDSLAY'S ENGINES OF 800-HORSE POWER FOR THE VALIANT, 1862. CREATOR: MALLETT.

The International Exhibition: Messrs. Maudslay's engines of 800-horse power for the Valiant, 1862. Motive power for steamships. 'The largest marine engines exhibited were those by Messrs. Maudslay, intended for the Valiant; they are of 800-horse power nominally, but capable of being worked up to a much larger amount. Portions of engines 1850-horse power were exhibited by both Maudslay and Penn. The crank-shaft exhibited by the latter was a splendid piece of wrought iron, beautifully finished. In the eastern annexe was a crank-shaft of similar dimensions, made at the Mersey Ironworks, left exactly in the state it came from the hammer. It weighs about 23 tons'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Messrs. Maudslay's engines of 800-horse power for the Valiant, 1862. Creator: Mallett. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: GROUP OF OBJECTS IN STEEL EXHIBITED BY MR. KRUPP, OF ESSEN..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: group of objects in steel exhibited by Mr. Krupp, of Essen, Prussia, 1862. '...it is only recently that the great stride has been made which causes [Krupp's] to outstrip all competitors...Their great steam-hammer strikes with a force of fifty tons; the anvil for this gigantic hammer to work upon rests on castings weighing three million pounds; and ingots of steel are produced weighing thirty tons. Among the most important of the different objects...was a cylindrical ingot of cast steel...This ingot was broken in the middle in the cold state...The two fractures thus produced are for the purpose of demonstrating that the manufacture of even the largest pieces is perfect, and that the ingots in the rough state are quite free from...faults...Two pieces of cast steel were exhibited that were exceedingly interesting, for they represented the manner of manufacturing one of the most important products of these works - cast-steel railway-tyres without a weld...For marine purposes there was a double-crank propeller-shaft for a Transatlantic screw-steamer...Amongst the artillery two guns were exhibited in the finished state...[Krupp's] are now able to execute bored barrels on a large scale, specially for military purposes'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: group of objects in steel exhibited by Mr. Krupp, of Essen..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SMITH'S POWER-LOOM FOR WEAVING TUFTED PILE CARPETS, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Smith's power-loom for weaving tufted pile carpets, 1862. Loom for Axminster carpet, '...invented by Mr. Alexander Smith, an American...Axminster carpet...has always been considered the most elegant as well as the most durable of all the carpetings manufactured, but, on account of the slow method of producing it by hand, the cost of it has always hitherto been so great as to place it beyond the reach of all but the most affluent...the loom automatically inserts, weaves in, cuts off, and completes one whole range of figuring tufts across the whole width of the fabric in less time than is required for the making of a single tuft by the handloom...The production is twenty-five yards per day, at a cost for labour not exceeding 2 per cent of the cost of production by the handloom... any medallion design can be woven in parts, which, when united, will have the appearance of having been woven in one piece...As the mechanism for forming and cutting the tufts is readily adjusted to any desired depth of pile, and as the strain on the material used is but nominal, there can be substituted for the fine worsted and high pile with which the loom is now operated worsted or woollen yarns of any quality'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Smith's power-loom for weaving tufted pile carpets, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MESSRS. HOBBS AND CO.'S LOCK-INDICATOR, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Messrs. Hobbs and Co.'s lock-indicator, 1862. 'One of Hobbs's locks illustrates a new principle of security specially adapted for iron safes and prison cells. The chief feature is, that a dial-plate indicates whether the door is opened or locked...When the door stands merely closed, the indicator, or handle, rests on "open." Turn the handle, or indicator, and the door is fastened by the first movement, when the indicator, or handle, will point to "shut." A second motion of the handle, and the bolt shoots out beyond its reach, the indicator, or handle, at the same moment resting on "locked." The lock can only be opened by the key, because, at the second turn, the handle loses its control of the bolt; the action of the bolt returning into the lock, on unlocking with the key back to "open," resetting it. The advantages of this index must be of the highest importance, as the person, would be able to see in an instant what condition the bolts of the locks were in without "trying" his keys. Again, if the door of a safe or strong room was closed tight there would be no danger of leaving it unlocked by neglect, as a glance at the index would show whether it had been locked or not'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Messrs. Hobbs and Co.'s lock-indicator, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: CHUBBS' SAFE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Chubbs' safe, 1862. '...a large door-lock...an elegant specimen of modem metal-work...we have preferred engraving the interior, in order to display its working parts, which are, as far as practicable, wrought in corresponding style with the exterior ornament. It contains eight separate and distinct tumblers, all of which must be lifted simultaneously and exactly to their respective varying heights, which can only done by the true key, before the bolt will move. Should it be attempted by a pick, or false key, the peculiar feature of Chubb's lock known as the "detector" is brought into action, and detains one of the overlifted tumblers in such a manner that the lock cannot be opened by the true key when next applied. Hence it is technically termed "detected;" but a simple reverse turn of the right key, and of that only, will again set it in working order. Chubb's locks were chosen by her Majesty's commissioners for securing all the entrances and principal doors of communication in the Exhibition building itself, for which purpose a large number were supplied and have well answered the desired end of protecting from robbery the invaluable collection confided to the care of the executive'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Chubbs' safe, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: CHUBBS' SAFE-LOCK AND KEY, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Chubbs' safe-lock and key, 1862. '...a very massive fire-proof wrought-iron safe for bankers' use, upwards of seven feet in height; its sides six inches thick, and weighing nearly four tons. The drawers and strong closets of the interior have all distinct locks. The outer folding-doors are made of wrought-iron plates and hardened steel combined into a solid mass or plate of great thickness, forming an unexampled security against the attacks of drills or other instruments, and are fitted with two gunpowder-proof wheel-locks, throwing thirty-one bolts all round. The main keyholes of these are in turn closed by casehardened iron scutcheon-locks, opened by a small gold key set under the stone of an ordinary finger-ring which thus becomes the master-key and principal means of access to the safe. Messrs. Chubb showed also several ornamental safes for jewels, in varied combinations of burnished and plain steel, enriched with ormoulu mouldings and inlaid scrollwork'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Chubbs' safe-lock and key, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE CHARING-CROSS RAILWAY: THE SIGNAL STATION ON THE NORTH END OF THE BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The Charing-Cross Railway: the signal station on the north end of the bridge, [London], 1864. 'The signal station...is remarkable for the ingenious character of its arrangements. By the use of one of Saxby and Farmer's patent signalling instruments, one man is enabled to conduct the whole of the numerous trains in and out of the station without difficulty; whereas, by the old-fashioned plan at least half a dozen men at a time would have been required...Of course the labour cannot now be performed without considerable care; there are, therefore, three signalmen employed at this one station, who have to relieve each other in turn. Posted in a glass room right over the lines, and commanding a full view both up and down, the signalman is enabled not only to communicate with the next signal-box, but to manage the switches which lie at least 109 yards off. When a train is about to leave the station it whistles twice, to signify "ready to go"; whereupon...the signalman adjusts the signal and, if necessary, operates on the switches. The signals at the other end of the bridge (from the signal-box they call the Belvidere) show all to be right, and away the train goes, to be signalled from station to station in the same way'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. The Charing-Cross Railway: the signal station on the north end of the bridge, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

BLOWING UP THE EASTERN ARCH OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION BUILDING, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Blowing up the Eastern Arch of the Great Exhibition Building, [South Kensington, London], 1864. Demolition of an '...arch which supported the eastern gable end of the nave of the International Exhibition building. The arch was of brickwork, in Portland cement, semicircular in form; the span 59 ft...To have demolished this arch in the ordinary way would have necessitated the use of extensive scaffolding...It was therefore suggested that it would form a good experiment for the Royal Engineers. Mr. Freake, who has bought the materials of the building, and is pulling it down, willingly agreed to the proposal, and...a party of sappers...commenced work by boring four holes in each haunch of the arch to receive small charges of powder...The total amount of powder used was 19 lb...the part of the Exhibition-road in front of the arch having been cleared by the police in case of accident, the officer in charge of the party fired the charges simultaneously by means of an electric machine. The effect was very satisfactory, the haunches of the arch were broken and slightly pushed out, the crown opened, and the parts fell together, separating into several pieces in their fall'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Blowing up the Eastern Arch of the Great Exhibition Building, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

BALING MACHINE FOR HAY, 1915. CREATOR: SERGEY MIKHAYLOVICH PROKUDIN-GORSKY.

Baling machine for hay, 1915. Baling machine for hay, 1915. Creator: Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

IN FEUER STEHENDE X FORM VOR FELSWAND

in Feuer stehende X Form vor Felswand (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

HERUNTERGEKOMMENE TURBINE MIT LICHTSTRAHLEN IM DUNKLEN HANGAR

Heruntergekommene Turbine mit Lichtstrahlen im dunklen Hangar (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

ALTE TURBINE MIT LICHTSTRAHLEN IN EINER BETONGARAGE

Alte Turbine mit Lichtstrahlen in einer Betongarage (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

RETRO VINYL PLAYER IN NAHAUFNAHME

Retro Vinyl Player in Nahaufnahme (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

3D-RENDERING EINES GERAHMTEN HELLEN X-ALPHABETS AUF DER WASSEROBERFLÄCHE UND IN EINER FELSIGEN UMGEBUNG

3D-Rendering eines gerahmten hellen X-Alphabets auf der Wasseroberfläche und in einer felsigen Umgebung (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

BLAUE SECHSECK NEON FORM VON DSCHUNGEL BÄUMEN UMGEBEN

Blaue Sechseck Neon Form von Dschungel Bäumen umgeben (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

GRÜNES NEON-DREIECK AUF GLÄNZENDEM KNOPFBODEN UND UMGEBEN VON RAUCH

Grünes Neon-Dreieck auf glänzendem Knopfboden und umgeben von Rauch (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

LEUCHTENDE QUADRATISCHE FORM VOR EINER SCHWARZEN VULKANWAND

Leuchtende quadratische Form vor einer schwarzen Vulkanwand (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

SZ PHOTO 03545758

Stromtrasse über Raps. Sonnige Aussichten in Krefeld in Nordrhein-Westfalen am 08.04.2024. * Power Line over Rapeseed. Sunny weather in Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia on April 08, 2024 (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/Piero Nigro)

SZ PHOTO 03545759

Stromtrasse über Raps. Sonnige Aussichten in Krefeld in Nordrhein-Westfalen am 08.04.2024. * Power Line over Rapeseed. Sunny weather in Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia on April 08, 2024 (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/Piero Nigro)

SZ PHOTO 03545761

Stromtrasse über Raps. Sonnige Aussichten in Krefeld in Nordrhein-Westfalen am 08.04.2024. * Power Line over Rapeseed. Sunny weather in Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia on April 08, 2024 (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/Piero Nigro)

SZ PHOTO 03545754

Stromtrasse über Raps. Sonnige Aussichten in Krefeld in Nordrhein-Westfalen am 08.04.2024. * Power Line over Rapeseed. Sunny weather in Krefeld in North Rhine-Westphalia on April 08, 2024 (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/Piero Nigro)

NEON BLAUE KREISFORM VON DSCHUNGELBÄUME UMGEBEN

Neon Blaue Kreisform von Dschungelbäume umgeben (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

3D-RENDERING VON BLAUEM LICHT X GERAHMTE FORM NEBEN BETONPFEILERN UND ZAUN

3d-Rendering von blauem Licht X gerahmte Form neben Betonpfeilern und Zaun (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

MATURE WOMAN WEARING PROTECTIVE FACE MASK USING MOBILE PHONE WHILE SITTING AT BUS STOP IN CITY

Mature woman wearing protective face mask using mobile phone while sitting at bus stop in city (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/MARIA MAAR)

MATURE WOMAN WEARING FACE MASK USING MOBILE PHONE WILE STANDING AT BUS STOP

Mature woman wearing face mask using mobile phone wile standing at bus stop (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/MARIA MAAR)

3D-RENDERING EINER GELBEN, HELLEN X-RAHMENFORM NEBEN BETONSÄULEN UND ZAUN

3D-Rendering einer gelben, hellen X-Rahmenform neben Betonsäulen und Zaun (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

BLAUES NEONLICHT X-FORM NEBEN BETONPFEILERN UND ZAUN

Blaues Neonlicht X-Form neben Betonpfeilern und Zaun (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

NEON DREIECK FORM VON DSCHUNGEL BÄUMEN UMGEBEN

Neon Dreieck Form von Dschungel Bäumen umgeben (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

NEON-TASTEN HINTERGRUND MIT BUNTEM RAUCH

Neon-Tasten Hintergrund mit buntem Rauch (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

BLAUER NEON-KREIS UMGEBEN VON RAUCH, AUF LEUCHTENDEN BUTTON BODEN

Blauer Neon-Kreis umgeben von Rauch, auf leuchtenden Button Boden (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

LEUCHTENDE NEON DREIECK FORM VON TROPISCHEN PFLANZEN UND BÄUMEN UMGEBEN

Leuchtende Neon Dreieck Form von tropischen Pflanzen und Bäumen umgeben (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

GROSSE HALLE MIT NEON-RICHTUNGSELEMENTEN UND SECHSECKIGEN SECHSECK-FORMEN

Grosse Halle mit Neon-Richtungselementen und sechseckigen Sechseck-Formen (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

3D-RENDERING EINER EPISCHEN HALLE MIT NEON-RICHTUNGSELEMENTEN UND SECHSECKIGER DECKE

3D-Rendering einer epischen Halle mit Neon-Richtungselementen und sechseckiger Decke (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

ABSTRAKT WIRKENDE HALLE MIT NEON-RICHTUNGSELEMENTEN UND DECKE MIT SECHSECK-FORMEN

Abstrakt wirkende Halle mit Neon-Richtungselementen und Decke mit Sechseck-Formen (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Besa Art)

BELGIUM-TECHNOLOGY-FTI

Strategic Director Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies of Johnson & Johnson Sonja Willems, attends the first Flemish Industry Summit, during the Flanders Technology and Innovation Festival in the Lotto Arena, in Antwerp on March 23, 2024. The ten-day Flanders Technology & Innovation (FTI) festival hosted in Ghent, Kortrijk, Hasselt, Antwerp, Leuven and Brussels, aims to highlight Flemish expertise in technology and innovation. (Photo by Tom Goyvaerts / Belga / AFP) / Belgium OUT (KEYSTONE/Belga/TOM GOYVAERTS)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht mit den Gaesten an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht neben Moderatorin Monika Simmler an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Gaeste unterhalten sich an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht neben Moderatorin Monika Simmler an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht neben Moderatorin Monika Simmler an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)

SCHWEIZ KONFERENZ HSG REGULIERUNG KI

Bundesrat Beat Jans, Vorsteher Eidg. Justiz- und Polizeidepartement, spricht an der Konferenz der Universitaet St. Gallen zur Regulierung von Kuenstlicher Intelligenz in der Schweiz, aufgenommen am Freitag, 22. Maerz 2024 in Zuerich. (KEYSTONE/Ennio Leanza)