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JOSEPH VERNET (1714-1789). AT THE

Joseph Vernet (1714-1789). At the Port of Marseilles, 1754. Detail of the left part. Centre: unloading of grain. (KEYSTONE/ROGER VIOLLET/)

KAROLINE A.THILO, PORTRÄT / BERNIGEROTH 1755

Thilo, Karoline Amalie..1.3.1735 – 11.2.1754;.deutsche Schauspielerin, Sängerin..– Portrait –.Kupferstich, 1755, v. Johann Martin Bernigeroth (1713–1767).nach F.C. Kramer..Berlin, Sammlung Archiv für Kunst und Geschichte. (KEYSTONE/akg-images/akg-images)

ANTOINE PESNE, SELBSTBILDNIS M. TÖCHTERN

Pesne, Antoine; Maler; Paris 23.5.1683 –.Berlin 5.8.1757...“Bildnis des Malers mit seinen zwei Töchtern”, 1754...(Rechts Marie de Rege, links Henriette-Elisabeth Joyard)..Öl auf Leinwand, 167 × 150 cm..Berlin, SMB, Gemäldegalerie. (KEYSTONE/akg-images/akg-images)

A.DEVIS, NATHANIEL UND CAROLINE CURZON

Devis, Arthur, 1712–1787..." (Sir) Nathaniel and Lady Caroline Curzon”, 1754...(Bildnis Nathaniel Curzon, 1726–1804, mit seiner Gemahlin Lady Caroline, geb. Colyear, 1733–1812)..Öl auf Leinwand, 89,5 × 69 cm..Keldeston Hall, Derbyshire (The National Trust). (KEYSTONE/akg-images/akg-images)

AKG8684080

Frankreich, Schweiz...“Carte Chorographique De la Partie Occidentale De L'Oberland Ou Le Comté De Gruyéres”...Karte, 54 × 72 cm..Samuel Loup..London, 1754..Hannover, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Bibliothek. (KEYSTONE/akg-images/akg-images)

ZINN, ABENDMAHLKANNE VON JEAN BOURRELIER / 1754

Kunsthandwerk,.Zinn, .Zinngießer Jean Bourrelier,.Genf, 1754. ..- Abendmahlkanne. - ..Zinn, Höhe 32,1 cm, Durchmesser 15,2 cm, Gewicht 2240 g. ..Bursins (Kanton Waadt/Vaud, Schweiz), Pfarrkirche / Église paroissiale Saint-Martin. (KEYSTONE/akg-images/akg-images / André Held)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Portrait des französischen Königs Ludwig XVI. Portrait of the French King Louis XVI. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Herrscherportrait Luwig XVI. m Zuge der französischen Revolution wurde er und seine Frau Marie Antoinette 1793 hingerichtet. Royal portrait of Louis XVI. In the course of the French Revolution, he and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Herrscherportrait Luwig XVI. m Zuge der französischen Revolution wurde er und seine Frau Marie Antoinette 1793 hingerichtet. Royal portrait of Louis XVI. In the course of the French Revolution, he and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Herrscherportrait Luwig XVI. m Zuge der französischen Revolution wurde er und seine Frau Marie Antoinette 1793 hingerichtet. Dieses Gemälde von de Dumenil befindet sich im Museum von Versailles. Royal portrait of Louis XVI. In the course of the French Revolution, he and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. This painting by de Dumenil is in the Museum of Versailles. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Herrscherportrait Luwig XVI. m Zuge der französischen Revolution wurde er und seine Frau Marie Antoinette 1793 hingerichtet. Diewser Kuperstich ist von C. Müller nach einem Gemälde von Godofry angefertigt worden. Royal portrait of Louis XVI. In the course of the French Revolution, he and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed in 1793. This copperplate engraving was made by C. Mueller after a painting by Godofry. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SCHERL)

HINRICHTUNG VON KÖNIG LUDWIG XVI. EXECUTION OF KING LOUIS XVI

Radierung des britischen Zeichners James Gillray von der Hinrichtung des französischen Königs Ludwig XVI. Gillray nannte seine Zeichnung "Das Blut des Ermordeten schreit nach Rache". Engraved by the British draftsman James Gillray on the execution of the French King Louis XVI. Gillray called his drawing "The Blood of the Murdered Crying out for Vengeance". (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Diese Zeichnung stammt von dem berühmten britischen Zeichner James Gillray. Er veröffentlichte nach der Hinrichtung König Ludwigs XVI. eine Serie mit dem Namen: "Frankreich auf dem Höhepunkt seines Rumes - Der Gipfel der Freiheit". Im Hintergrund sieht man wie der König geköpft wird, im Vordergrund einen Fiedler ohne Hose, ein Sansculotte mit nacktem Hintern neben einer Jakobinermütze mit der Aufschrift "Libertas" auf einem Bischofsstab. Die Vertreter von Klerus und Justiz hängen an den Laternen und im Hintergrund brennt eine Kirche. This drawing is by the famous British draftsman James Gillray. He published after the execution of King Louis XVI. a series called: “The Zenith of French Glory – the Pinnacle of Liberty”. In the background it can be seen how the king is beheaded, in the foreground a fiddler without pants, a sans-culotte with bare bottomside next to a Jacobean cap with the inscription "Libertas" on a crosier. The members of the clergy and judiciary are hanging by the lanterns and a church is burning in the background. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

HINRICHTUNG VON KÖNIG LUDWIG XVI., 1793 EXECUTION OF KING LOUIS XVI, 1793

Diese Darstellung zeigt die Hinrichtung von König Ludwig XVI. This depiction shows the execution of King Louis XVI. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI., 1793 LOUIS XVI, 1793

Der zeitgenössische Kupferstich zeigt den französischen König Ludwig XVI. links in der Kutsche auf dem Weg zu seiner Hinrichtung. Neben ihm ein geistlicher Begleiter und gegenüber zwei Bewacher. The contemporary copper engraving shows the French King Louis XVI left in the carriage on the way to his execution. Next to him a spiritual guide and opposite two guards. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

HINRICHTUNG KÖNIG LUDWIGS XVI., 1793 EXECUTION OF KING LOUIS XVI, 1793

Diese Aufnahme, nach einem zeitgenössischen Stich, zeigt den Schafrichter, der der jubelnden Menge den abgeschlagenen Kopf König Ludwigs XVI. hinhjält. This recording, after a contemporary engraving, the executioner shows the severed head of King Louis XVI to the cheering crowd. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

RÜCKKEHR NECKERS, 1789 RETURN OF NECKER, 1789

Dieser holländische Stich zeigt das Interesse des Auslandes an der französischen Revolution. Zu sehen ist rechts König Ludwig XVI. und neben ihm sein zurückberufener Finanzminister Jacques Necker. Hinter dem König befindet sich die hoffnungsvoll wartende Nationalversammlung. Die schlechten Berater eilen rechts davon. Ein Gedicht glorifiziert diese Ereignisse. This Dutch engraving shows the interest of foreign countries in the French Revolution. On the right is King Louis XVI and next to him his recalled Minister of Finance Jacques Necker. Behind the King is the hopefully waiting National Assembly. The bad counselors rush on the right. A poem glorifies these events. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

HINRICHTUNG LUDWIGS XVI., 1793 EXECUTION OF LOUIS XVI, 1793

Der Scharfrichter hält der Menge den abgeschlagenen Kopf Ludwigs XVI. entgegen. Diesee Aufnahme wurde nach einem Stich von Helman, nach einem Gemälde von Monnet gemacht. The executioner holds the severed head of Louis XVI to the crowd. An engraving by Helman, after a painting by Monnet. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

GEFANGENNAHME LUDWIGS XVI., 1791 ARREST OF LOUIS XVI, IN 1791

Dieses Gemälde von H. Cain zeigt die Gefangennahme des französischen Königs Ludwigs XVI. und seiner Familie, die einen Fluchtversuch zu der Armee, die in der Gegend von Metz stationiert war, unternahmen. Am 21.1. 1793 wird Ludwig XVI. im Zuge der Französischen Revolution hingerichtet. This painting by H. Cain shows the capture of the French King Louis XVI. and his family attempting to escape the army stationed in the Metz area. On 21.1.1793 Louis XVI was executed in the course of the French Revolution. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. KURZ VOR SEINER HINRICHTUNG, 1793 LOUIS XVI SHORTLY BEFORE HIS EXECUTION, 1793

Die zeitgenössische Darstellung zeigt Ludwig XVI. mit seine Beichtvater Edgeworth, kurz vor Ludwigs Hinrichtung. The contemporary depiction shows Louis XVI. with his confessor Edgeworth, shortly before Louis's execution. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SCHERL)

LUDWIG XVI. VOR DEM NATIONALKONVENT, 1792 LOUIS XVI BEFORE THE NATIONAL CONVENTION, 1792

Dieser Stich von Schisvonetti nach einem Gemälde von P.Miller zeigt König Ludwig XVI. als Angeklagter vor dem Nationalkonvent. This engraving by Schiavonetti after a painting by P.Miller depicts King Louis XVI. as a defendant before the National Convention. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SCHERL)

LUDWIG XVI. NIMMT VON SEINER FAMILIE ABSCHIED, 1791 LOUIS XVI TAKES LEAVE OF HIS FAMILY, 1791

Das Gemälde zeigt den französischen König Ludwig, der einen Tag vor seiner Hinrichtung von seiner Frau Marie Antoinette und seinen Kindern im Maison du Temple Abschied nimmt. The painting depicts the French King Louis, who says goodbye to his wife Marie Antoinette and his children at the Maison du Temple, one day before his execution. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. NIMMT ABSCHIED VON SEINER FAMILIE, 1791 LOUIS XVI SAYS GOODBYE TO HIS FAMILY, 1791

Das Gemälde zeigt den französischen König Ludwig, der einen Tag vor seiner Hinrichtung von seiner Frau Marie Antoinette und seinen Kindern im Maison du Temple Abschied nimmt. The painting depicts the French King Louis, who says goodbye to his wife Marie Antoinette and his children at the Maison du Temple, one day before his execution. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SCHERL)

GEFÄNGNIS KÖNIG LUDWIGS XVI. UND SEINER FAMILIE, 1792 PRISON OF KING LOUIS XVI AND HIS FAMILY, 1792

Skizze des Turmes mit dem Namen "Temple", ein Teil des Klosters des Templerordens aus dem 12. Jahrhundert wird zur Zeit der Französischen Revolution das Gefägnis König Ludwigs XVI. und seiner Familie. Sketch of the tower named "Temple", part of the 12th-century Templar monastery, that becomes the prison of King Louis XVI and his family at the time of the French Revolution. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

KÖNIG LUDWIG XVI. NIMMT ABSCHIED, 1793 KING LOUIS XVI SAYS GOODBYE, 1793

Das Gemälde zeigt den französischen König Ludwig, der einen Tag vor seiner Hinrichtung von seiner Frau Marie Antoinette Abschied nimmt. The painting depicts the French King Louis, who says goodbye to his wife Marie Antoinette one day before his execution. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SCHERL)

LUDWIG XVI., 1791 LOUIS XVI, 1791

Das Gemälde zeigt König Ludwig XVI., der nach seiner Verhaftung in Varennes zurück nach Paris geführt wird. The painting depicts King Louis XVI, who is taken back to Paris after his arrest in Varennes. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SCHERL)

SPOTTZEICHNUNG DER FRANZÖSISCHEN KÖNIGSFAMILIE BEI DER VERHAFTUNG, 1793 RIDICULE DRAWING OF THE FRENCH ROYAL FAMILY AS THEY GET ARRESTED, 1793

Spottzeichnung der französischen Königsfamilie, die bei ihrem Fluchtversuch aus Frankreich auf der Poststation von Varennes am 21.6. 1791 verhaftet wurde. Der Plan Ludwig XVI. Frankreich zu verlassen und Schutz bei den gegen Frankreich Krieg führenden Monarchen zu suchen, rief auch bei diesen großen Spott hervor. Ridicule drawing of the French royal family, who, in their attempt to escape from France, were arrested at the post office of Varennes on 21.6.1791. The plan of Louis XVI to leave France and seek protection from the monarchs who fought against France also provoked great ridicule. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

LUDWIG XVI. LOUIS XVI

Der französische König Ludwig XVI. Im Zuge der französischen Revolution 1793 werden er und seine Gemahlin Marie Antoinette hingerichtet. The French King Louis XVI. He and his wife Marie Antoinette were executed in the course of the French Revolution in 1793. (KEYSTONE/SUEDDEUTSCHE ZEITUNG PHOTO/SZ PHOTO)

MEDIEVAL COLOUR ILLUSTRATION

Mandrake is the common name for members of the plant genus Mandragora it is seen heer as a medieval symbol of potencty. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

TREATSIE ON SMALLPOX

Razi (ca. 845-925), Treatise on Smallpox. Latin translation from the Byzantine version by Georgio Valla (1447–1500), printed in Venice, 1498. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

MANUSCRIPT BY CONSTANTINE THE AFRICAN

Constantine the African (ca. 1020-1087), De medicina physicae artis. Manuscript E 12, f. 11 recto. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

TREATISE ON MATERIA MEDICA

Yuhanna Ibn Bukhtishu (active ca. 892), Organization of drugs concerned with the well-known plants, medicaments, and foodstuffs. This treatise on materia medica attributed to Yuhanna Ibn Bukhtishu, a member of a family of Syriac physicians, includes both Greek and local medicinal substances. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

MANUSCRIPT BY ARISTOTLE

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), De animalibus (On animals). Latin translation by Theodoros of Gaza (ca. 1398–ca. 1478), printed in Venice, 1476. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

MANUSCRIPT DESCRIBING WHICH VEINS TO BLEED PATIENTS FROM

Pseudo-Galen, De phlebotomia (On the section of veins [to bleed patients]). Bleeding, which was thought to evacuate pathological matter, was a common method of therapy in antiquity and the Middle Ages. Galen was credited with many treatises on the topic. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

LATIN TRANSLATION OF THE SYNTHESIS ON SIMPLE MEDICINES

Pseudo Ibn Sarabiyun (9th–10th century), Liber aggreagatus de medicinis simplicibus (Synthesis on simple medicines). Known as Serapion, Ibn Sarabiyun was credited with the writing of a large treatise on materia medica. The original Arabic text seems to be lost. Only the Latin translation survives. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

MANUSCRIPT BY HUNAYN IBN ISHAQ AL-CLBADI

Hunayn Ibn Ishaq al-cIbadi (809–873), Isagoge. Hippocrates, as represented in a mid-thirteenth century copy of the Isagoge.Manuscript E 78, f. 15 verso. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

MANUSCRIPT BY AL-DIN 'ALI AL-ISFAHANI

al-Din 'Ali al-Isfahani (fl. ca. 1474), On foodstuffs. Tables on the properties of substances used as foodstuffs in the work by al-Din 'Ali al-Isfahani. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

COMMENTARY ON GALEN 'MEDICAL ART'

Taddeo Alderotti (1223–1295), Expositiones super librum Tegni Galeni. Johannitii Isagogen, Prognosticorum Hippocratis librum, Regiminis acutorum morborum Hippocratis librum, Aphorismorum Hippocratis librum (Commentary on Galen 'Medical art', Johannitius 'Introduction', Hippocrates 'Prognostic', Hippocrates 'Regimen in acute diseases', Hippocrates 'Aphorisms'). At Bologna, Taddeo Alderotti was among the very first teachers of the newly founded university. During his classes, he commented on texts translated by Salernitan masters. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

LATIN TRANSLATION OF A HIPPOCRATIC TREATISE

Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (808–873), Corpus Hippocraticum, Prognostic. This Latin translation of a Hippocratic treatise was originally translated by Hunayn Ibn Ishaq directly from Greek into Arabic. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

TREATISE ON MATERIA MEDICA

Yuhanna Ibn Bukhtishu (active ca. 892), Organization of drugs concerned with the well-known plants, medicaments, and foodstuffs. treatise on materia medica attributed to Yuhanna Ibn Bukhtishu, a member of a family of Syriac physicians, includes both Greek and local medicinal substances. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

LATIN TRANSLATION OF TREATISE ON THE DIAGNOSIS OF DISEASES

Theophilos (7th Century), De urinis (On urine). This Latin translation of a Greek treatise on the diagnosis of diseases by means of the analysis of urine is by a Byzantine physician, Theophilos. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

MANUSCRIPT BY ROGER OF SALERNO

Roger of Salerno (ca. 1170), Practica (Practice). The Practica, such as that by Roger, were collections of treatments, very often based on the daily experience of physicians. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ENGRAVED PORTRAIT OF FREDERIK RUYSCH

Frederik Ruysch (1638-1731) anatomist. Dated 18th Century. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

CARVED ANATOMICAL MODEL

Carved ivory, anatomical model used in France, Germany and Italy, ca. 1500-1700. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATION

anatomical illustration by Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (ca.1460-ca.1530) 'Isagogae breves per lucidae ac uberrimae in Anatomiam human corporis' Bologna, 1523. Berengario, presents and comments on the anatomy of Galen (ca. 130–ca. 200 A.D.), Mondino de’Liuzzi (d. 1326) and others. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATION

anatomical illustration from 'Anatomia del corpo humano' 1559 by Juan Valverde de Amusco (1525-ca. 1588). (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION OF A SKELETON

La dissection des parties du corps humain by Charles Estienne (1504-ca. 1564) skeleton with a thin covering of tendons illustration by Étienne de la Rivière (d. 1569). (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION FROM 'ANATOMIA DEL CORPO HUMANO'

Illustration from 'Anatomia del corpo humano' Rome, 1559. by Juan Valverde de Amusco (ca. 1525 - ca. 1588) [anatomist] . A flayed cadaver holds his skin in one hand and a dissecting knife in the other. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

WOODCUT FROM THE TREATISE OF MONDINO DE'LIUZZI

Jacopo Berengario da Carpi(ca.1460-ca.1530)[anatomist] 'Anatomia Carpi. Isagoge breves perlucide ac uberime, in Anatomiam humani corporis'. Bologna, 1535. Woodcut. Berengario, an Italian surgeon and physician, refashioned the 14th-century anatomical treatise of Mondino de’Liuzzi for print publication. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ANATOMICAL ILLUSTRATION

anatomical illustration by Jacopo Berengario da Carpi (ca.1460-ca.1530) 'Isagogae breves per lucidae ac uberrimae in Anatomiam human corporis' Bologna, 1523. Berengario, presents and comments on the anatomy of Galen (ca. 130–ca. 200 A.D.), Mondino de’Liuzzi (d. 1326) and others. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

WOODCUT FROM A HEBREW ENCYCLOPEDIA

Toviyah Kats (ca. 1652-1729) 'Ma’a’seh Toviyah' Venice, 1708. Woodcut from a Hebrew encyclopedia pairs the interior of a human interior with the interior of a house, a visual metaphor: the organs, like rooms in a house, have different functions. Kats, one of the first Jews to study medicine at a German university, completed his degree at Padua and served as court physician to the Ottoman Sultan. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION FROM 'A COMPLEAT TREATISE OF THE MUSCLES, AS THEY APPEAR IN THE HUMANE BODY, AND ARISE IN DISSECTION'

Illustration from 'A compleat treatise of the muscles, as they appear in the humane body, and arise in dissection' London, 1681. By John Browne (1642-ca. 1702) [anatomist]. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

PERSIAN ANATOMICAL MANUSCRIPT

Persian anatomical manuscript, ca. 1400-1500. by Mansur ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad ibn Yusuf ibn Ilyas(fl. ca. 1390). (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

WOODCUT OF A BEDSIDE SCENE IN A MEDICAL SETTING

Woodcut of a bedside scene in a medical setting with physicians surrounding the patient. By Walter Ryff. Dated 1548. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ENGRAVING OF A MAN SMOKING A PIPE

Man smoking a long pipe, seated at table with book, candle and 2 more long pipes 1659. Illustration in Panacea: or, the Universal Medicine, by Dr. Giles Everard. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION OF OBSTETRICAL FORCEPS

Obstetrical forceps. From André Levret's Observations sur les causes et les accidens de plusieurs accouchemens laborieux, 1754. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION OF THE FEMALE PELVIS

The female pelvic anatomy. From Andreas Vesalius' De Corporis Humani Fabrica, 1543. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION OF AN APOTHECARY LESSON

Illustration of an apothecary lessonHieronymus Brunschwig, Liber de Arte Distillandi de Compositis, 1512. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

WOODCUT OF A PHARMACIST

medieval woodcut of a pharmacist. The first pharmacopoeia was published in Nuremberg, Germany in 1542. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

CONSTANTINUS AFRICANUS

Constantinus Africanus. Viaticum 13th century. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ILLUSTRATION OF DR. ROBERT JAMES

Dr. Robert James, inventor of a patent 'fever powder,' giving his medicine to a sick man as a quack doctor steals the medicine from the doctor's pocket and a ghost denounces the thief. 1754. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ENGRAVING DEPICTING A 17TH CENTURY LABORATORY

Artist's conception of a mid-seventeenth-century laboratory. Print, Francois V. Mieris, 1635-1681. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

ENGRAVING FROM LEONHARD THURNEISSER ZUM THURN, QUINTA ESSENTIA .. UND ALCHEMIA

Figure representing 'The Spirit of Sulphur.' Engraving from Leonhard Thurneisser zum Thurn, Quinta essentia .. und Alchemia 1570. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)

WOODCUT OF PHARMACOPOEIAS

The new pharmacopoeias helped improve the dispensing of medications in Renaissance pharmacies. Woodcut from E. Feynon, Der Barmhertziger Samariter 1686. (KEYSTONE/World History Archive)