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Samuel Stehman Haldeman (1812-1880), US naturalist and philologist. Haldeman studied a wide range of subjects, including biology, zoology, entomology, geology, chemistry, paleontology and philology. He also taught and lectured on many of these areas. Haldeman collected biological specimens from an early age, but worked at his father's sawmill until 1936. He then worked for the state survey of Pennsylvania. By 1842 he had published Monograph on the Freshwater Mollusca of the United States. Haldeman held several professorships and was a member of various scientific societies. From 1868, he was a philology professor, and he helped found the American Philological Association in 1869. Photographed between 1865 and 1880. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY/LIBRARY OF CONGRESS/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY)