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epa04968619 A car service technician holding a readout device in front of an EA189 2.0 liter TDI diesel engine, which is affected by the emissions scandal, in a VW Touran at a garage in Hanover, Germany, 08 October 2015. The EA189 diesel engine's software optimises the nitric oxide (NOx) results during testing. VW has admitted to manipulating exhaust-control software, allowing its TDI four-cylinder diesel cars to emit up to 40 times as much nitrogen oxide as allowed in the United States. The carmaker says at least 11 million cars are affected worldwide. EPA/JULIAN STRATENSCHULTE