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Residents of Jalozai Camp for Afghan refugees, Peshawar, Pakistan. 19 March 2001...By the end of 2001 there were over four million Afghan refugees in Pakistan. The first wave had begun during the Soviet-Afghan War in the late 1970s; the second was triggered by the civil war which broke out in 1992. Since 2016 the UNHCR has repatriated over 4.3 million Afghans, most of them Pashtuns...By 2017 insecurity and military operations had turned 2.61 million Afghans into refugees and internally displaced a further 1.84 million. (Neta C. Crawford, “Costs of War. Human Cost of the Post-9/11 Wars. Lethality and the Need for Transparency,” Nov. 2018, Watson Institute, Brown University. Source: UNHCR. Global Trends: Forced Displacement in 2017). (KEYSTONE/VII Photo/Daniel Schwartz)