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(RM) 609546028
A VISIT TO PENN'S MARINE ENGINE FACTORY, AT GREENWICH:...GREAT CYLINDER FOR A...STEAM-ENGINE, 1865. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
A visit to Penn's Marine Engine Factory, at Greenwich: casting a great cylinder for a marine steam-engine, 1865. Illustration representing '...the molten metal being poured into the mould ...the mass of metal, while of immense magnitude, has to be cast with all the exactness and perfection that can be given to the smallest castings...The iron...is melted in several cupolas... and the molten iron runs through small canals into the foundry, where they empty themselves into two immense cauldrons...The pouring so large a mass of metal equally into the mould is a most important matter, and is executed by the principal founder, for irregularity or too quickly running the metal would not only spoil the casting, but might endanger the lives of those present. The operation...requires from twenty to thirty tons of iron to fill the mould...The scene during the few minutes occupied in filling the mould is particularly fine in effect; the hitherto dark foundry being suddenly lit up with the glare of the rivers of liquid iron running over the lips of the cauldrons... the bright glow of the molten iron, almost white in its intense heat, lights up the features and forms of the workmen and numerous visitors in a wondrous manner'. From "Illustrated London News", 1865. A visit to Penn's Marine Engine Factory, at Greenwich:...great cylinder for a...steam-engine, 1865. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609539938
BURNING OF PENGWERN HALL, NEAR ST. ASAPH, THE SEAT OF LORD MOSTYN, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
Burning of Pengwern Hall, near St. Asaph [in Wales], the seat of Lord Mostyn, 1864. 'This mansion, one of the noblest in the Vale of Clwyd, was the residence of the late Lord Mostyn, but has, since his death, been occupied by his brother, the Hon. T. P. Lloyd. It was built, in 1787...The house was partly of Corinthian architecture, but with a certain originality in the design of its front. It contained not only a great deal of costly furniture, plate, and jewels, but many choice paintings - Dutch, Italian, and English - besides the rare and valuable library of Welsh records and MSS. known as the Mostyn Collection. Fortunately, these treasures are for the most part saved. The fire having broken out at four or five o'clock in the afternoon, hundreds of people soon hastened to help in putting it out, or in getting out whatever they could, and a lady of the family, Miss Lloyd, of Cefn...is said to have shown extraordinary courage, by entering the burning house over and over again to fetch some cherished heirlooms of the house of Lloyd. The Hon. Mr. Lloyd and Miss Lloyd are much esteemed in the neighbourhood for their benevolence, and this fire is lamented as a public calamity throughout the Vale of Clwyd'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Burning of Pengwern Hall, near St. Asaph, the seat of Lord Mostyn, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609487115
COMMENCEMENT OF THE THAMES EMBANKMENT WORKS NEAR WESTMINSTER BRIDGE, 1864. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
Commencement of the Thames Embankment works near Westminster Bridge, 1864. View of '...piles being driven in, and scaffolding of an extensive character being erected to support and carry the heavy cranes to be used in sinking caissons. This work is preparatory to forming a cofferdam, and thereafter proceeding with excavations for a solid foundation, which must necessarily be laid very deep...The caissons are twelve feet by seven, and the coffer-dams...are remarkable for being constructed, not of timber...but of iron, which, it is thought, will afford great advantages over the old-fashioned material...the chief attention of the contractor is at present confined to...its so-called "special" works for a handsome steam-boat landing-stage...Mr. Furness...has undertaken the contract with the Metropolitan Board of Works...for the sum of £520,000. The works comprise, beside the open roadway and the approaches to the river, two distinct subterranean features - a subway immediately below the road in which gas and water pipes and telegraph wires will be laid, so as to avoid the necessity of breaking up the road whenever repairs of these are needed; and beneath the subway a great sewer, forming part of the system of low-level drainage lately planned'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Commencement of the Thames Embankment works near Westminster Bridge, 1864. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609482680
STEPHENSON'S LOCOMOTIVE MANUFACTORY AT NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE: THE STEAM-HAMMER, 1864. CREATOR: MASON JACKSON.
Stephenson's locomotive manufactory at Newcastle-On-Tyne: the steam-hammer, 1864. '...night view of that portion of the forging department containing the Nasmyth steam-hammers, which are used to hammer into shape the largest portions of the engine, such as the crank-axles. The forging of large masses of iron was a great difficulty with the older mechanics, and numberless contrivances were adopted to avoid the necessity of using them. Now the most colossal masses of metal are brought to the desired shape with as much ease as fifty years ago a smith would have made a forging of a few pounds weight. The construction of the locomotive boilers, as may be expected, is a large and important division of the manufactory. Here the eternal din of "closing rivets up" is constantly maintained. Material and workmanship are here even more important than in the manufactories for the wheels. The boilers are constructed of plates of the finest iron...riveted together, and...subjected to the most severe tests. For the quality of this portion of the engine the Stephenson manufactory has always borne the highest character - the principle upon which it is constructed as well as its form having been given to it by the celebrated founder of the establishment'. From "Illustrated London News", 1864. Stephenson's locomotive manufactory at Newcastle-On-Tyne: the steam-hammer, 1864. Creator: Mason Jackson. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609482655
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MARINE ENGINE BY MESSRS. ESCHER, WYSS, AND CO. OF ZURICH..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: marine engine by Messrs. Escher, Wyss, and Co. of Zurich - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. Motive power for steamships. '...the engines were exhibited completely fitted, with the portion of the vessel that forms the engine-room: the main shaft is in place, with the paddle-wheels attached...[The] marine engines exhibited by Escher, Wyss, and Co., consist of a pair of compound cylinder engines, of 30-horse power, adapted to shallow navigation; these engines weigh, including water in the boilers, about 37½ tons; they are intended to be worked at a pressure of from to five atmospheres, and are guaranteed to work up to 180-horse power, if necessary, with a consumption of 2¼lb. of best Newcastle coal per hour and per indicated horse power, and to propel a vessel...at a speed of fifteen statute miles per hour. The chief points sought to be obtained in these engines are lightness and simplicity of construction...The air-pump and feed-pumps are worked by a small auxiliary inverted steam-cylinder, the exhaust steam from which serves, by means of a blast-pipe in the funnel, to increase the combustion of the coal and the evaporative powers of the boilers'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: marine engine by Messrs. Escher, Wyss, and Co. of Zurich..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609482650
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SWISS JACQUARD-LOOM FOR WEAVING RIBBONS..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Swiss jacquard-loom for weaving ribbons - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. 'This machine...is employed in weaving eight broad silk ribbons at one time. The pattern of the ribbon is a continual repetition of the Royal arms of England, done in brilliant colours on a white silk ground...it appears a huge mass of delicate machinery, threads, perforated cards...&c...it is...eight single looms in one, and consequently its parts are eight times as numerous...there is a warp of blue and white silk, and a weft of white silk: these two make the plain ribbon upon which the pattern is wrought, but to produce which requires a large number of wefts of different colours, each requiring a separate shuttle, bobbin, &c. That these coloured wefts may be inserted at the right place the threads of the warp must be lifted in a great variety of ways; and to do this that immense mass of vertical white threads in the middle of the loom called the gears or healds becomes necessary. These are brought into action in sets at the necessary moment of time by means of the endless chain of perforated cards at the top of the machine, and which give to it the peculiar character known as the Jacquard principle'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Swiss jacquard-loom for weaving ribbons..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609482640
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: GROUP OF OBJECTS IN STEEL EXHIBITED BY MR. KRUPP, OF ESSEN..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: group of objects in steel exhibited by Mr. Krupp, of Essen, Prussia, 1862. '...it is only recently that the great stride has been made which causes [Krupp's] to outstrip all competitors...Their great steam-hammer strikes with a force of fifty tons; the anvil for this gigantic hammer to work upon rests on castings weighing three million pounds; and ingots of steel are produced weighing thirty tons. Among the most important of the different objects...was a cylindrical ingot of cast steel...This ingot was broken in the middle in the cold state...The two fractures thus produced are for the purpose of demonstrating that the manufacture of even the largest pieces is perfect, and that the ingots in the rough state are quite free from...faults...Two pieces of cast steel were exhibited that were exceedingly interesting, for they represented the manner of manufacturing one of the most important products of these works - cast-steel railway-tyres without a weld...For marine purposes there was a double-crank propeller-shaft for a Transatlantic screw-steamer...Amongst the artillery two guns were exhibited in the finished state...[Krupp's] are now able to execute bored barrels on a large scale, specially for military purposes'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: group of objects in steel exhibited by Mr. Krupp, of Essen..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 609482635
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SMITH'S POWER-LOOM FOR WEAVING TUFTED PILE CARPETS, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Smith's power-loom for weaving tufted pile carpets, 1862. Loom for Axminster carpet, '...invented by Mr. Alexander Smith, an American...Axminster carpet...has always been considered the most elegant as well as the most durable of all the carpetings manufactured, but, on account of the slow method of producing it by hand, the cost of it has always hitherto been so great as to place it beyond the reach of all but the most affluent...the loom automatically inserts, weaves in, cuts off, and completes one whole range of figuring tufts across the whole width of the fabric in less time than is required for the making of a single tuft by the handloom...The production is twenty-five yards per day, at a cost for labour not exceeding 2 per cent of the cost of production by the handloom... any medallion design can be woven in parts, which, when united, will have the appearance of having been woven in one piece...As the mechanism for forming and cutting the tufts is readily adjusted to any desired depth of pile, and as the strain on the material used is but nominal, there can be substituted for the fine worsted and high pile with which the loom is now operated worsted or woollen yarns of any quality'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Smith's power-loom for weaving tufted pile carpets, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163434
THE VIGRA GOLD MINES, NORTH WALES: THE CRUSHING MILL, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The Vigra Gold Mines, North Wales: the Crushing Mill, 1862. 'The Vigra gold mines are situated in a most picturesque and mountainous range in the parish of Llanabar, on the north of the navigable River Mowddach...in the county of Merioneth. The geological features of this district are the Cambrian rocks, overlaid by the lower Silurian lingula flags. These rocks are coarse, greenish- grey grits. The lingula flags are chiefly slatey beds, more or less arenaceous, and interstratified with courses of sandstone. Both the Cambrians and Silurians are frequently penetrated by light grey calcareous and ordinary greenstone dykes, some of which are magnetic. In the Cambrian sandstone these dykes appear to run in all directions, the general direction being rather across the strike. In the silurian region the direction of the dykes is generally parallel with the lines of bedding. The Vigra mine is situated entirely in the lingula flags...the...water-wheel, which is about 60ft. in diameter, works a powerful Cornish crushing-machine capable of crushing forty tons of ore daily. The wheel is supplied with water from the charming little river called the Hirgwm. At the present time this mine is yielding upwards of fifteen pounds weight of gold per week'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The Vigra Gold Mines, North Wales: the Crushing Mill, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163309
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: CENTRIFUGAL PUMP BY EASTON, AMOS, AND CO..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: centrifugal pump by Easton, Amos, and Co. - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. The machine '...consists of an Appold's pump, placed in a case or tank of cast iron, on the top of which are fixed two high-pressure expansive condensing steam-engines, each of the nominal power of twenty horses, giving motion to the vertical spindle of the pump by means of a bevil-geared flywheel working into a pinion. The water is raised from a cast-iron tank, 12ft. deep, partly sunk in the ground, and containing 24,000 gallons, and is delivered over the edge of the upper tank in a sheet 42ft. wide and 10in. thick. The quantity raised as computed by Mr. Beardmore's hydraulic tables (the best authority on the subject) would be rather over 180 tons per minute...the water in the large tank is made use of for the purposes of condensation, so that the full power is got out of the steam...In the colony of Demerara, which is a low-lying fiat country, dependent entirely upon artificial means for keeping the land dry during the tropical rainy season, a great number of these pumps have been erected...[The pump is] especially suited for emptying docks, or for any purposes where tidal influence has to be encountered'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: centrifugal pump by Easton, Amos, and Co..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
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