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THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SPENCER'S PATENT MAGNETIC PURIFYING-FILTER, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Spencer's patent magnetic purifying-filter, 1862. 'This filter has secured for its inventor, Mr. Spencer...one of the prize medals of the International Exhibition of 1862. The magnetic filter is the only one known which effects a chemical purification of water. Indeed, it has been said by one of our scientific authorities that "miasmetic or unwholesome water with the magnetic filter is impossible." Those fitted up for domestic use comprise three compartments, separated from each other by perforated plates. The upper open compartment is for the water to be purified; the middle one contains the proto-carbide of iron, which is the magnetic purifying medium; the lower one is for the purified water to be drawn off at the tap as required. It is affirmed that...these filters never require cleansing or renovation, but will constantly give forth colourless and odourless water, free from gaseous or organic impurity, and which will remain free from the growth of animalculae or vegetation. The protocarbide bears the closest affinity to the loadstone, or natural magnet, and its magnetic power is equally indestructible; whilst bulk for built, from its extreme purity, the artificial body exercises the more powerful agency'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Spencer's patent magnetic purifying-filter, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MITCHEL'S TYPE-COMPOSING MACHINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Mitchel's type-composing machine, 1862. 'The compositor is in shape a right-angled triangle, placed horizontally, with a keyboard at one of the sides furnished with thirty-nine keys. Each key, when pressed, strikes out a type from one of an equal number of brass slides standing at an incline upon the machine in a row nearly parallel with the keyboard. The type...is placed on end and pushed forward to make room for the next type by means of a notched or serrated wheel...The principle of the machine consists in the combination of bands of lengths and velocities of revolution so varied as to enable the types, at different distances from the wheel, to reach it in the order in which the keys are struck. The compositor is capable of setting up types at the rate of six letters per second, or 21,600 per hour; but, as the human fingers cannot attain to such rapidity, and allowance must be made for the operations of justifying and correcting, the work of an average trained operator will probably not exceed 24,000 or 25,000 ens per day, which is about equal to the work of two men setting up type in the ordinary mode. As each machine can employ two operators, the daily production is about 50,000 ens'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Mitchel's type-composing machine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MITCHEL'S TYPE-DISTRIBUTING MACHINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Mitchel's type-distributing machine, 1862. 'The distributor is a small machine of circular form. The lines of type to be distributed are placed successively in a long channel, in which they are pressed forward towards a vibrating metal finger. By this finger each type is separated from the line, pushed aside, and dropped on to a grooved brass wheel revolving horizontally. In the grooves of this wheel pins are placed, on which the types are hung by means of nicks, the ends of the types projecting below the under surface of the wheel at distances varying according to the position of the nicks. As each letter arrives over its receptacle it is lifted off its pin and dropped into its place, being pushed a little forward to make way for the next arrival. When the line is filled in this way it is removed by the boy to the compositor. The distributor is self-acting and requires only the attention of a boy. It distributes 8000 letters per hour'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Mitchel's type-distributing machine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: BLOWING-ENGINE IN THE BELGIAN DEPARTMENT..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: blowing-engine in the Belgian Department of the Western Annexe, 1862. Machine for '...reducing iron ore to pig metal...As iron-furnaces have increased in size and number, the resistance and shock on the blast-pumps at each change of stroke have increased also. Much has been done to lessen the concussions which are repeated so often each minute. [This] beautiful blast-engine, with horizontal steam-cylinder and air-pumps...will explain the improvements alluded to. It will be seen that, instead of employing valves such as have heretofore been used, metal discs, revolving upon smooth and accurate surfaces, are adopted, and, at the point when the pumps are on the change of stroke, the numerous openings in the several discs which correspond with the perforations of the plates on which they revolve are then in a state of adjustment, to allow the air to enter and also to be emitted from the cylinders to the blast-pipe at each stroke of the steam-engine. These engines are worthy of attention because they indicate the great labour and judgment now bestowed on the construction of machines, and the great adaptation of their several parts to the purposes required'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: blowing-engine in the Belgian Department..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SANDFORD AND MALLORY'S FLAX-GIN, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Sandford and Mallory's flax-gin, 1862. 'Although of a very unpretending appearance, the flax-gin of America may claim a value for industrial usefulness greater than some of the more attractive and highly-finished objects of the exhibition, especially as the supply of textile materials to the spinning-mills of England becomes at this time a question of solicitude. In America, where large quantities of flax and hemp are grown, any process which abridges the labour of freeing fibre from ligneous stalk is a matter of great moment, in consequence of the scarcity of manual help; and to overcome this difficulty the "Sandford" machine...was designed...This machine expeditiously takes off the extraneous vegetable matter from the fibre as it arrives from the field in a green state, or it also performs the duty of a scutching-machine, and dispenses with handbreaks and swingles...The feed is performed by a fluted metal roller, which has pressed upon it with considerable force another roller covered with indiarubber...When the machine works upon green materials a stream of water is run through it to wash away the pulpy vegetable matter which is separated from the fibres'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Sandford and Mallory's flax-gin, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: PATENT FOLDING FURNITURE BY MANNSTEIN OF VIENNA, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: patent folding furniture by Mannstein of Vienna, 1862. Precursor of flat-pack furniture. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: patent folding furniture by Mannstein of Vienna, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SOCIABLE, WITH INTERCHANGEABLE HEADS, BY ROCK AND SON..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: sociable, with interchangeable heads, by Rock and Son, of Hastings, 1862. 'Messrs. Rock and Son...who, like all the other provincial coachbuilders, had only space for a single carriage allotted to them, have managed practically to exhibit two carriages upon that space. This they have accomplished by means of the principle of interchangable heads, invented and patented by them. The carriage...is a dioropha landau, or sociable, with interchangable heads - that is to say, a carriage which, for summer use, is an elegant sociable landau, with folding head to cover all the occupants of the carriage in case of sudden rain or cold; and in winter, when the landau head is exchanged for a comfortable coach head, well stuffed and provided with abundance of glass, becomes a warm and cheerful close carriage, which the landau...is not. A further advantage of this new carriage is, that in its winter form it has a solid and finished appearance; while the ordinary landau, when shut up after the head has been down all the summer, presents a wrinkled and shabby surface on all its upper parts. Considered as a dioropha, this carriage is an improvement on those for which Rock and Son obtained the prize medals of 1851 and 1855...' From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: sociable, with interchangeable heads, by Rock and Son..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: TUER AND HALL'S POWER-LOOM FOR WEAVING CARPETS..., 1862. CREATOR: E BOURDELIN.

The International Exhibition: Tuer and Hall's power-loom for weaving carpets - from a photograph by the Stereoscopic Company, 1862. 'This is for the weaving of pile, velvet, patent tapestry, or ordinary Brussels carpet any width required, either with or without jacquard. All the working motions are outside the loom, except the crank from which it is driven, by which means free access to the working parts is obtained, so removing an hitherto much-complained-of inconvenience. It will admit larger yam beams in the same space than any other loom we know of...The whole of the motion is governed in its action by one cam. It produces six yards of carpet per hour, much more than ordinary looms, and requires less space than most of them with the same width in the reed; six such machines may be driven by one horse's power. This loom is also applicable to the weaving of Utrecht velvet, for the lining of carriages, omnibuses, &c. Being much lighter than ordinary looms, it is, of course, better adapted for exportation'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Tuer and Hall's power-loom for weaving carpets..., 1862. Creator: E Bourdelin. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SMITH'S LOCOMOTIVE BATTERY, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Smith's locomotive battery, 1862. 'This is a design for a small one-gun battery intended to travel on common roads. It. is the invention of F. Smith...The battery is proposed to be constructed of iron of sufficient thickness to resist the shot from such artillery as usually accompanies an army "on the march"; its dimensions to be 24ft. in length, 12ft. in height, and 16ft. in width. These proportions, it is thought, will allow of its passing easily along turnpike roads whose minimum width is fixed by law at thirty feet. The battery is intended to be propelled by steam machinery...the inventor has devised a means of preventing accidents and consequent delays caused by the wheels that support the battery breaking through the crust of the road. He proposes to place behind the fore-wheels of the engine a horizontal roller of the entire width of the machine, measuring from outside to outside of the axle-boxes, so that, should the small wheels sink below a fixed limit, the weight of the engine is at once transferred to the larger bearing-surface of the roller...The battery will be armed with one rifled pivot-gun and twelve breech-loading rifles'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Smith's locomotive battery, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

PERREAUX'S PATENT PUMP VALVES IN THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Perreaux's patent pump valves in the International Exhibition, 1862. 'This method of constructing pump-valves is extremely ingenious, simple, and efficient; it is copied from the valves contained in the human heart. Perreaux' valves are made of vulcanised indiarubber...[and] are of the form of a tube flattened at one extremity...The thickness of the sides of the upper part diminishes gradually to the top, where the two sides meet and form two lips, which when the valve is in a state of rest are in close contact, and prevent the downward passage of the fluid...owing to the...the elasticity of the material, they close perfectly and instantaneously the moment the pressure from below ceases...these valves...are extensively used in soap and alkali factories, and by paper-makers, tanners, bleachers, and dyers, in pumping paper-stuff, chemicals, tan-liquor, &c. Fig. 1 represents the section through the pump-barrel; fig. 2 the section of an ordinary bucket; and figs. 3 and 4 are sections of foot-valves. The pumps have glass cylinders or barrels, so that the action of the valves may be seen. It is found advantageous to use glass barrels, as they are free from corrosion and lubricate themselves with the material which is pumped through them'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Perreaux's patent pump valves in the International Exhibition, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE PATENT COW-MILKER IN THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The patent cow-milker in the International Exhibition, 1862. 'A machine has been invented for milking cows, and is now on exhibition in the United States' department of the International Exhibition. The teats of the cow just drop into four elastic tubes placed under them, in communication with an exhaust apparatus and a reservoir. The quick movement of two handles creates a vacuum, and the udder is instantaneously emptied of its contents in four continuous streams. While the operation is distressingly practical, it is very cleanly, and, we believe, agreeable to the cow. The milk is withdrawn at the rate of a gallon a minute. The patent of the "cow-milker" has been sold to Watkins and Keene, of Birmingham, for £5000, and a royalty to the original inventors; and it is stated that the firm have already received orders sufficient to cover the expenses of the patent, and that the machine is rapidly being adopted by all the great dairymen throughout the country. A prize medal and honourable mention have been awarded to the patent milking apparatus'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The patent cow-milker in the International Exhibition, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: RANSOME AND SIMS' TEN-HORSE POWER ENGINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Ransome and Sims' ten-horse power engine with Biddell and Balk's boiler, showing the method of withdrawing the tubes, 1862. Steam engine '...filled with Biddell and Balk's patent boiler, which is so constructed that the firebox and tubes may be removed, cleaned, and replaced; or a new set substituted for the old ones without returning the engine to the factory...Amongst the great changes which have marked the progress of British agriculture during the last twenty years, scarcely one is more remarkable than the readiness with which agriculturists have adopted the uses of machinery...In this trade the name which stands out most prominently, perhaps, through a course of consecutive years, is that of Ransome'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Ransome and Sims' ten-horse power engine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: BESLEY'S TYPE-CASTING MACHINE..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Besley's type-casting machine - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. Machine '...exhibited by Messrs. Charles Reed and Benjamin Fox [and] engaged...in casting type used in this number of the "Illustrated London News"...The popular idea is that print-types are made of lead, but, when the extreme pressure to which the metal has to be subjected is considered, it is manifest that a composition of a much greater resisting power is required for the purpose of producing impressions on paper...The machine consists of a pan for holding the [hard] metal, with a well and piston, the latter with a side lever, connecting-rod, and cross-bar attached to the piston-rod and worked with a cam. To the pan is fixed a "jobber", used to prevent the return of the metal after it is pumped into the mould, which is fixed to the front of the machine, and held to the pan whilst the type is being cast. When the type is cast the mould is drawn back by means of a spiral spring, and the mould is opened by a bar and rod, which are also used for delivering the matrix. Other arms and plates are adapted for fixing and lowering the mould. The machine is driven by a lever and motion-crank'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Besley's type-casting machine..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: THE PIPING BULLFINCH IN THE SWISS COURT, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: the piping bullfinch in the Swiss Court, 1862. 'The success of this little vocalist is the more remarkable as his part is always a solo...and in precisely the same character, and his stage actually no larger than a snuffbox...with only one painted scene of an Alpine valley..."The Swiss Bullfinch" accepts no salary, and, still more wonderful, the enterprising "managers", Messrs. Aubert and Linton have devoted the whole of the proceeds...to the relief of the sufferers by the cotton famine...this little piping bullfinch is a very clever little automaton, and no mean triumph of horological art; and the idea of raising money from its performances...was a very praiseworthy one...it is really a very pretty and amusing sight to see the little mechanical creature pop out, flutter and ruffle its wings, settle down, fold them up, open its little throat, and pour out its piercing yet sweet trills and pretty cadences from the box beneath, and then as deftly pop back again...Messrs. Aubert and Linton placed in the Swiss Court the announcement that whenever the sum of five shillings was raised among the visitors his little bird should perform; and...in seventeen days the bullfinch has earned upwards of £200'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: the piping bullfinch in the Swiss Court, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: FOWLER'S PATENT ENGINE AND WINDLASS FOR STEAM-PLOUGHING, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Fowler's patent engine and windlass for steam-ploughing, 1862. Steam engine to power agricultural machinery. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Fowler's patent engine and windlass for steam-ploughing, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: TUXFORD'S ROAD TRACTION-ENGINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Tuxford's road traction-engine, 1862. 'This firm, in fact, holds, according to the trials of the Royal Agricultural Society, the first place as manufacturers of steam-engines; that is to say, when last tried at Carlisle, some four years since, they performed more work with less fuel than any others. Of course, the problem to be solved by all makers is, how to get most work out of a pound of coal; and year by year, by some improvement often apparently slight, they have gone on reducing the consumption of coal and increasing the production of power...On the level road it will, of course, pull its load behind it; but when an acclivity is reached the load is cast off and the engine uses all its power to master the gradient by itself. When at the top it expends its power to draw the load up by the rope which was let out during its own ascent. These locomotives are used in Australia and in Norway; but as yet they have found a more ready sale in the West Indies, being there employed to connect the sugar-works and drive the sugar-mills'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Tuxford's road traction-engine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: FOWLER'S PATENT FOUR-FURROW STEAM-PLOUGH, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Fowler's patent four-furrow steam-plough, 1862. 'The first aim was to show the superiority of steam to horse power in the inversion and cultivation of the soil. This triumph was achieved in the year 1858 at Chester, where Mr. Fowler won the prize of £500 offered by the Royal Agricultural Society to any inventor who should practically prove upon a given tract of land that steam was an economical substitute for horse power in the operation of ploughing...Mr. Fowler's two sets are attached to a triangular frame, two sides of which secure the diagonal order of the ploughs, while the third side braces end to end. This frame being balanced in the middle upon a pair of high travelling-wheels, one set of ploughs is held in the air while the other is in work. A man rides on this implement to steer it, and commands an admirable contrivance for gathering up the slack rope and keeping it uniformly tight. The plough may be fitted as a simple cultivator for breaking up and not inverting the soil, or an implement specially made for that purpose can be used...Land can thus be tilled at any time, to any depth, with-out the pressure of a horse's foot, and for much less money than it could be done by horse power'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Fowler's patent four-furrow steam-plough, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

LORD'S PATENT LOADING-CHAMBER, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

Lord's patent loading-chamber, 1862. '...a most simple, durable, and inexpensive little contrivance recently invented and patented by Mr. W. B. Lord, of the Royal Artillery. It has for its object the deposition of the charge of powder used in either rifles or smooth-bored guns directly within the chamber of the arm, without allowing the interior of the barrel to be strewed with loose grains, as is inevitably the case when loading in the ordinary way...Every grain of gunpowder crushed between the internal surface of the barrel and the exterior of the projectile or wad serves, with the grease, wax, or condensed moisture, to assist in forming a paste which becomes hardened and condensed by each successive discharge, and, mixed with such particles of lead as are rubbed off during the rapid passage of the charge through the barrel, greatly interfering with the accuracy of the shooting and forming a fruitful cause of "stripping." In addition to a clean gun, which it appears to ensure, perfect freedom is secured from the danger of a burst powder-flask from breech ignition taking place. In this age of rifles and riflemen few who take an interest in firearms and their belongings will not see at a glance the value of this simple invention'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Lord's patent loading-chamber, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: GWYNNE'S CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.

The International Exhibition: Gwynne's Centrifugal Pump, 1862. '... the patented pump of Messrs. Gwynne...is a large and important affair...the cascade produced being a veritable waterfall...This machine consists of a centrifugal pump, driven direct by two horizontal steam-engines of 20-horse power each, so arranged as to draw the water from a tank on the ground floor of the building, and raise it to an elevation of about 24ft. into an upper tank...the water, falling back into the lower one, forms a beautiful cascade 10ft. wide...The pump, when worked with 30lb. steam pressure, discharges about 100 tons of water per minute...four small pumpcases, connected by pipes with the large pump, [are] fitted with copper mouthpieces. These...on a valve being opened, emit streams of water...No correct opinion can be formed of the great efficacy of this pump, except by regarding the four conditions essential to the proper estimate of any hydraulic machine, viz: The power employed, the quantity of water raised, the height to which it is raised, and the time required to raise it. Casual observers, omitting these considerations, and looking only at the size of the discharge-pipe, may be led to form a very incorrect judgment on this important point'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Gwynne's Centrifugal Pump, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

USA ROBOTER "2-XL" 1978

AUS DER ORPIGINALLEGENDE === "Erfinder Michael Freeman haelt seinen neuesten Roboter, ein Lernspielzeug namens 2-XL in den Haenden. Rechts ist Freemans erster Roboter zu sehen, der vor acht Jahren gebaut wurde. Der 2-XL kann nicht nur Fragen stellen und beantworten, sondern auch Witze erzaehlen, singen, pfeifen, einschlafen und schnarchen, wenn ihm langweilig ist. Sein Geheimnis liegt in einer Reihe von acht einschiebbaren Kartuschen." Erfinder Michael Freeman mit seinen beiden Erfindungen, aufgenommen am 6. April 1978 in New York, USA. (KEYSTONE/PHOTOPRESS-ARCHIV/Str)

CASELLA'S PATENT MERCURIAL MINIMUM THERMOMETER, 1861. '...A NEW SPECIES OF THERMOMETER LATELY INVENTED BY MR. L. CASELLA, HATTON-GARDEN...THIS INSTRUMENT...APPEARS TO BE VERY SERVICEABLE IN PRACTICE AS WELL AS FAULTLESS IN PRINCIPLE...ITS PECULIARITY CONS

Casella's Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer, 1861. Creator: Unknown. Casella's Patent Mercurial Minimum Thermometer, 1861. '...a new species of thermometer lately invented by Mr. L. Casella, Hatton-garden...This instrument...appears to be very serviceable in practice as well as faultless in principle...Its peculiarity consists in a small side tube (a b c), of somewhat wide bore, which is connected with the capillary tube of the thermometer. This side tube breaks off abruptly into a smaller-sized tube at b, and soon afterwards terminates in a bulb. In order to set the instrument it is slightly inclined until the mercury in the side tube be brought to b, where the abrupt change of diameter takes place. This operation may, if necessary, be facilitated by tapping, and when it is finished the instrument must be placed in a horizontal position...We are thus furnished with a minimum thermometer in which the liquid employed is mercury, and in which no separate index is necessary. From a short trial which has been given at Kew Observatory to one of these instruments, there appears to be no practical objection to its arrangement'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

NEW STREET RAILWAY AT MANCHESTER, WITH OMNIBUS PERAMBULATOR, 1861. HAWORTH'S PATENT PERAMBULATOR AND STREET RAILWAY. 'THIS PATENT CONSISTS IN THE LAYING DOWN OF THREE LINES OF RAILS, THE CENTRE ONE HAVING A GROOVE, IN WHICH THE PERAMBULATOR ATTACHED TO TH

New street railway at Manchester, with omnibus perambulator, 1861. Creator: Unknown. New street railway at Manchester, with omnibus perambulator, 1861. Haworth's patent perambulator and street railway. 'This patent consists in the laying down of three lines of rails, the centre one having a groove, in which the perambulator attached to the vehicle revolves, and thereby maintains the wheels upon the rails. The rails, being laid perfectly level with the roadway, present no obstruction to the ordinary traffic...The perambulator is suspended by a chain attached to a lever fixed on the footboard, which the driver can raise or lower with his foot at pleasure, and thereby either keep or leave the rails...The advantages presented by the adoption of this patent, as laid down by the inventor, are as follow: Cheapness of construction, and applicability to streets and turnpike roads; adaptation of the rails to existing omnibuses, lurries, or other vehicles, without alteration; no impediment to the ordinary traffic; reduction in the public highway rates from the great saving effected in the repair of roads, by the omnibus traffic being transferred from the road to the rails; increased ease and comfort in travelling; great saving in haulage power, and in wear and tear of rolling stock; absence of noise, dust, and mud'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

PLAN OF LUNGLEY'S UNSINKABLE SHIP, 1861. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE ENGINE ROOM AND COAL STORE. 'A A ARE THE PARTS IN WHICH, IF THE BOTTOM OF THE VESSEL IS TORN OUT, THE WATER WILL TAKE THE PLACE OF BALLAST, THE SHIP BEING AS SAFE AS BEFORE... THE BRITON IS...TH

Plan of Lungley's Unsinkable Ship, 1861. Creator: Unknown. Plan of Lungley's Unsinkable Ship, 1861. Diagram showing the engine room and coal store. 'A A are the parts in which, if the bottom of the vessel is torn out, the water will take the place of ballast, the ship being as safe as before... The Briton is...the first vessel built on the newly patented principle of Mr. Charles Lungley, of Deptford, for the construction of unsinkable and incombustible ships...The great advantage which is obtained by the invention is the localisation of injury and facility of remedy, wherever injury may be inflicted. The principle is simply to divide each deck from the other by a watertight flooring of iron, so that...each [deck] becomes a distinct hull of itself, unaffected by any injury which may happen to either of the others, and by the equalisation of the weight of water which may have obtained egress, keeping the vessel in a level position, or what is technically called "an even keel...the engine room is completely isolated...being inclosed as it were in four solid walls of iron, excepting, of course, the communication with the flush-deck, so that unless the ship sunk bodily down underneath the water it would be impossible for it to penetrate to the fires, or in any way interfere with the working of the screw'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE UNION STEAM-SHIP COMPANY'S CAPE MAIL STEAMER BRITON, 1861. '...THE FIRST VESSEL BUILT ON THE NEWLY PATENTED PRINCIPLE OF MR. CHARLES LUNGLEY, OF DEPTFORD, FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF UNSINKABLE AND INCOMBUSTIBLE SHIPS, AND WHICH HAS RECENTLY EXCITED CONSI

The Union Steam-ship Company's Cape Mail steamer Briton, 1861. Creator: Edwin Weedon. The Union Steam-ship Company's Cape Mail steamer Briton, 1861. '...the first vessel built on the newly patented principle of Mr. Charles Lungley, of Deptford, for the construction of unsinkable and incombustible ships, and which has recently excited considerable attention both of private shipowners and of the Government...should this vessel be successful...it will inaugurate an entirely new era in shipbuilding...The great advantage which is obtained by the invention is the localisation of injury and facility of remedy, wherever injury may be inflicted. The principle is simply to divide each deck from the other by a watertight flooring of iron, so that, in effect, whether the vessel be composed of one, two, three, or more decks, each becomes a distinct hull of itself, unaffected by any injury which may happen to either of the others, and by the equalisation of the weight of water which may have obtained egress, keeping the vessel in a level position, or what is technically called "an even keel...The Briton is a noble and handsome ship, of 1092 tons builders' measurement, and 932 tons register, propelled by engines of 120 horses-power by Messrs. Day and Co.'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE CAVALLI CANNON AT THE FIRST ITALIAN NATIONAL EXHIBITION, FLORENCE, 1861. 'THE GREAT OBJECT SOUGHT TO BE ATTAINED BY THE EMPLOYMENT OF BREECH-LOADING CANNON IS...THE SUPPRESSION OF THE RECOIL USUALLY ATTENDING THE DISCHARGE OF AN ORDINARY PIECE OF ARTI

The Cavalli Cannon at the Florence Exhibition, 1861. Creator: Unknown. The Cavalli Cannon at the first Italian National Exhibition, Florence, 1861. 'The great object sought to be attained by the employment of breech-loading cannon is...the suppression of the recoil usually attending the discharge of an ordinary piece of artillery...The Cavalli cannon in our Engraving is a 32-pounder...The form of the stand and the peculiar disposition of the platform are combined in such a manner as to prevent the recoil and keep the cannon always en batterie. A. is the piece of white metal which serves to close the breech after the conical projectile (B) has been introduced into the cannon. The weight of this hollow projectile, including the charge, is sixty-four pounds. When the stand...is placed on a horizontal platform the piece may be pointed to an elevation of fifteen degrees...The instruments of precision for pointing the cannon and for supporting the breech in the requisite position are also shown...They are in brass, and very highly finished. The full range of the Cavalli cannon is considerably over 4000 yards; but at that distance its fire is most effective, as has been frequently proved by the experiments made with it under the regime of the Sardinian Government'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

BRABY'S MACHINE FOR BREAKING-UP ROADS AND SCARIFYING OR TILLING LAND, 1861. 'MR. JAMES BRABY JUNIOR, OF SOUTHWARK, HAS PATENTED AN INVENTION FOR "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR LIFTING OR BREAKING-UP ROADS OR WAYS, CRUSHING CLODS, AND SCARIFYING OR TILLING LAND."

Braby's machine for breaking-up roads and scarifying or tilling land, 1861. Creator: Unknown. Braby's machine for breaking-up roads and scarifying or tilling land, 1861. 'Mr. James Braby junior, of Southwark, has patented an invention for "Improved Machinery for Lifting or Breaking-up Roads or Ways, Crushing Clods, and Scarifying or Tilling Land." A satisfactory trial of the machine for the purpose of breaking up macadamised roads which require relaying took place a short time ago in Kensington-road, The work was accomplished at the rate of 500 superficial yards an hour, notwithstanding the very hard surface of Guernsey granite of which the roadway was composed, entirely to the satisfaction of the surveyor of roads for that district. Among the gentlemen present who took an interest in the invention were several road surveyors and contractors, and gentlemen connected with the different boards of works for metropolitan parishes. This is the first machine that has been used for the purpose of superseding the pickaxe in preparing the worn-out surfaces of roads to receive new material, and it seems thus far to have borne out the expectations of the inventor and to have met the approval of the gentlemen who witnessed its trial'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

BRABY'S MACHINE FOR BREAKING-UP ROADS AND SCARIFYING OR TILLING LAND, 1861. 'MR. JAMES BRABY JUNIOR, OF SOUTHWARK, HAS PATENTED AN INVENTION FOR "IMPROVED MACHINERY FOR LIFTING OR BREAKING-UP ROADS OR WAYS, CRUSHING CLODS, AND SCARIFYING OR TILLING LAND."

Braby's machine for breaking-up roads and scarifying or tilling land, 1861. Creator: Unknown. Braby's machine for breaking-up roads and scarifying or tilling land, 1861. 'Mr. James Braby junior, of Southwark, has patented an invention for "Improved Machinery for Lifting or Breaking-up Roads or Ways, Crushing Clods, and Scarifying or Tilling Land." A satisfactory trial of the machine for the purpose of breaking up macadamised roads which require relaying took place a short time ago in Kensington-road, The work was accomplished at the rate of 500 superficial yards an hour, notwithstanding the very hard surface of Guernsey granite of which the roadway was composed, entirely to the satisfaction of the surveyor of roads for that district. Among the gentlemen present who took an interest in the invention were several road surveyors and contractors, and gentlemen connected with the different boards of works for metropolitan parishes. This is the first machine that has been used for the purpose of superseding the pickaxe in preparing the worn-out surfaces of roads to receive new material, and it seems thus far to have borne out the expectations of the inventor and to have met the approval of the gentlemen who witnessed its trial'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

COMBINED THRASHING AND STACKING MACHINE, 1861. 'THE WELL-KNOWN FIRM OF WILKINSON. WRIGHT, AND CO., ENGINEERS AND MILLWRIGHTS, OF BOSTON, LINCOLNSHIRE, OBTAINED THE PRIZE MEDAL FOR THEIR THRASHING-MACHINE AT THE HIGHLAND AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S SHOW AT DUMF

Combined thrashing and stacking machine, 1861. Creator: Unknown. Combined thrashing and stacking machine, 1861. 'The well-known firm of Wilkinson. Wright, and Co., engineers and millwrights, of Boston, Lincolnshire, obtained the prize medal for their thrashing-machine at the Highland Agricultural Society's Show at Dumfries last year; and the firm gained further celebrity at the Royal Agricultural Society's Show held at Leeds for a new instrument called the Patent Self-acting Straw-Elevator...It consists of an endless net, revolving on four points of a framework made in appearance somewhat like that of a fire-escape. The action of the net running upwards carries away the straw as it is delivered from the thrasher, rolling it up by the vibration and holding properties of the network as it ascends into something like what haymakers call a "windrow," the narrow longitudinal proportions of which make it tolerably safe against the action of the wind, and finally delivering it on the top of the stack, apparently at any distance, point, direction, or elevation that may be required...it is so portable as to make no perceptible addition to the draught of the thrashing-machine, that it can be set to deliver its work in any direction from the machine; and that its cost is only about half that of other elevators'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

THE IMPLEMENT-YARD AT THE ROYAL SOCIETY'S SHOW AT LEEDS, 1861. THE JUDGES' VERDICT '...WAS UNANIMOUSLY IN FAVOUR OF FOWLER'S [STEAM-CULTIVATOR]..."IT IS IN PLOUGHING AND DIGGING", SAYS A WELL-KNOWN AUTHORITY, "THAT MR. FOWLER IS SO PRE-EMINENT. WITH HIS C

The Implement-yard at the Royal Society's Show at Leeds, 1861. Creator: Unknown. The Implement-yard at the Royal Society's Show at Leeds, 1861. The judges' verdict '...was unanimously in favour of Fowler's [steam-cultivator]..."It is in ploughing and digging", says a well-known authority, "that Mr. Fowler is so pre-eminent. With his Cotgreave mould-boards he throws over the soil as completely as if it was done with spade husbandry." Many an order for his £800 engine and big tackle was booked by him in the course of the fortnight; and in fact, there was a hardly a stall on the ground which did not drive a brisk trade. They had everything to show, from the four-ton steam-mole down to the poppy extirpator, and horse-hoe with revolving brushes...Tuxford's new steam-road locomotive on three wheels, the third being a propelling roller, driven by spur gear from the engine crank-shaft, and the other two wheels for steering, was one of the most remarkable new inventions in the yard, and likely to come into general used for drawing combined machines from field to field. Seven miscellaneous medals were also awarded, and amongst others, to Wilkinson, Wright, and Co. for a straw-elevator, and to R. and J. Reeves for a patent thistle-destroyer'. From "Illustrated London News", 1861. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SMILING ENGINEER GIVING PRESENTATION AND VLOGGING OVER ROBOTIC ARM ON SMART PHONE AT HOME

Smiling engineer giving presentation and vlogging over robotic arm on smart phone at home (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/ARMAN ZHENIKEYEV)

ENGINEER WORKING ON ROBOTIC ARM AT DESK IN OFFICE

Engineer working on robotic arm at desk in office (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/ARMAN ZHENIKEYEV)

ENGINEER WORKING ON ROBOTIC ARM IN OFFICE

Engineer working on robotic arm in office (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/ARMAN ZHENIKEYEV)

KREATIVES GLÜHBIRNEN-GEHIRN AUF EINEM HELLBLAUEN HINTERGRUND. BRAINSTORMING. DENKEN SIE ANDERS, KONZEPT. KREATIVES DENKEN. FRISCHE GEDANKEN

Kreatives Glühbirnen-Gehirn auf einem hellblauen Hintergrund. Brainstorming. Denken Sie anders, Konzept. Kreatives Denken. Frische Gedanken (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVES GLÜHBIRNEN-GEHIRN AUF EINEM HELLBLAUEN HINTERGRUND. BRAINSTORMING. DENKEN SIE ANDERS, KONZEPT. KREATIVES DENKEN. VERSTAND, KREATIVE IDEE

Kreatives Glühbirnen-Gehirn auf einem hellblauen Hintergrund. Brainstorming. Denken Sie anders, Konzept. Kreatives Denken. Verstand, kreative Idee (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

GLÜHBIRNEN AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND UND EINE KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNE. KREATIVE IDEE, KONZEPT. ELEKTRIZITÄT UND ANDERS DENKEN.

Glühbirnen auf blauem Hintergrund und eine kreative Glühbirne. Kreative Idee, Konzept. Elektrizität und anders denken. (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNE BELEUCHTET ANDERE ERLOSCHENE GLÜHBIRNEN, KONZEPT. FÜHRUNG, KREATIVE IDEE. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. START

Kreative Glühbirne beleuchtet andere erloschene Glühbirnen, Konzept. Führung, kreative Idee. Denken Sie anders. Start (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE BRENNENDE GLÜHBIRNEN-RAKETE MIT EXPLOSION UND RAUCHWOLKEN STARTET ERFOLGREICH IN DEN STERNENHIMMEL. KREATIVE IDEE, KONZEPT. GENERIERUNG NEUER GEDANKEN UND IDEEN. WISSENSCHAFT UND TECHNOLOGIE. GLÜHBIRNE

Kreative brennende Glühbirnen-Rakete mit Explosion und Rauchwolken startet erfolgreich in den Sternenhimmel. Kreative Idee, Konzept. Generierung neuer Gedanken und Ideen. Wissenschaft und Technologie. Glühbirne (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

REIHE VON ERLOSCHENEN GLÜHBIRNEN UND EINE LEUCHTENDE GELBE GLÜHBIRNE, KREATIVE IDEE. INDIVIDUELLER ANSATZ UND ERFOLG, KONZEPT. BRAINSTORM UND KREATIVE IDEE

Reihe von erloschenen Glühbirnen und eine leuchtende gelbe Glühbirne, kreative Idee. Individueller Ansatz und Erfolg, Konzept. Brainstorm und kreative Idee (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNEN LADEVERFAHREN UND EINE GLÜHBIRNE AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND. KREATIVE IDEE, KONZEPT. EINE NEUE IDEE WIRD HOCHGELADEN. PROJEKT UND ERFOLG

Kreative Glühbirnen Ladeverfahren und eine Glühbirne auf blauem Hintergrund. Kreative Idee, Konzept. Eine neue Idee wird hochgeladen. Projekt und Erfolg (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GEHIRN GLÜHBIRNE AUF HELLGELBEN FARBHINTERGRUND LEUCHTET, KONZEPT. DENKEN SIE ANDERS, KREATIVE IDEE. GEISTESBLITZ

Kreative Gehirn Glühbirne auf hellgelben Farbhintergrund leuchtet, Konzept. Denken Sie anders, kreative Idee. Geistesblitz (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

CONCEPT GLÜHBIRNE LEUCHTET UND HEBT ERFOLGREICH MIT RAUCH UND WOLKEN VOM LAPTOP-DISPLAY AUF HÖLZERNEM DESKTOP IM BÜRO AB. ERFOLGREICHER START-UP, KREATIVES DENKEN UND ANDERS DENKEN

Concept Glühbirne leuchtet und hebt erfolgreich mit Rauch und Wolken vom Laptop-Display auf hölzernem Desktop im Büro ab. Erfolgreicher Start-up, kreatives Denken und anders denken (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNE BELEUCHTET ANDERE ERLOSCHENE GLÜHBIRNEN AUF EINEM DUNKELVIOLETTEN HINTERGRUND, KONZEPT. FÜHRUNG, KREATIVE IDEE. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. START

Kreative Glühbirne beleuchtet andere erloschene Glühbirnen auf einem dunkelvioletten Hintergrund, Konzept. Führung, kreative Idee. Denken Sie anders. Start (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE IDEE, KONZEPT. EINE HALBE GLÜHBIRNE UND EIN HALBES GEHIRN, KONZEPT. DENK NACH, LEUTE. BRAINSTORMING UND KREATIVITÄT. NEUER GEDANKE

Kreative Idee, Konzept. Eine halbe Glühbirne und ein halbes Gehirn, Konzept. Denk nach, Leute. Brainstorming und Kreativität. Neuer Gedanke (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

BLAUE GLÜHBIRNEN MIT EINER GELBEN, VERSCHIEDENEN GLÜHBIRNEN-IDEE, DIE AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND HÄNGT. KREATIVES KONZEPT DENKEN. NEUE KREATIVE IDEE. GEISTESBLITZ

Blaue Glühbirnen mit einer gelben, verschiedenen Glühbirnen-Idee, die auf blauem Hintergrund hängt. Kreatives Konzept denken. Neue kreative Idee. Geistesblitz (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNEN-RAKETE MIT BLAST UND RAUCH STARTET AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND, KONZEPT. ERFOLGREICHER START UND ENTWICKLUNG, KREATIVE IDEE. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. KREATIVER GENERATOR. KLUG UND DURCHDACHT

Kreative Glühbirnen-Rakete mit Blast und Rauch startet auf blauem Hintergrund, Konzept. Erfolgreicher Start und Entwicklung, kreative Idee. Denken Sie anders. Kreativer Generator. Klug und durchdacht (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

BLAUE GLÜHBIRNEN MIT EINER ANDEREN IDEE AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND. MINIMALES KONZEPT. DRAUFSICHT. NEUE KREATIVE IDEE. EINE GELBE KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNE IST IM LIEFERUMFANG ENTHALTEN. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. START-UP. BILDUNG.

Blaue Glühbirnen mit einer anderen Idee auf blauem Hintergrund. Minimales Konzept. Draufsicht. Neue kreative Idee. Eine gelbe kreative Glühbirne ist im Lieferumfang enthalten. Denken Sie anders. Start-up. Bildung. (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE BRENNENDE GLÜHBIRNE HEBT MIT RAUCH UND BLAST VON EINEM SMARTPHONE AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND AB. ÜBERLAUF, KONZEPT. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. ANWENDUNGSENTWICKLUNG UND START-UP-LAUNCH, KREATIVE IDEE

Kreative brennende Glühbirne hebt mit Rauch und Blast von einem Smartphone auf blauem Hintergrund ab. Überlauf, Konzept. Denken Sie anders. Anwendungsentwicklung und Start-up-Launch, kreative Idee (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GELBE GLÜHBIRNE BRENNT AUF BLAUEM HINTERGRUND, KONZEPT. DENKEN SIE ANDERS, KREATIVE IDEE. DAS LICHT GING AN. DENKEN UND START-UP. ERFOLGREICHES PROJEKT

Kreative gelbe Glühbirne brennt auf blauem Hintergrund, Konzept. Denken Sie anders, kreative Idee. Das Licht ging an. Denken und Start-up. Erfolgreiches Projekt (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GELBE GLÜHBIRNEN-RAKETE MIT EXPLOSION UND RAUCHWOLKEN HEBT AB. KREATIVE IDEE, KONZEPT. GENERIERUNG NEUER GEDANKEN UND IDEEN. WISSENSCHAFT UND TECHNOLOGIE. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. START

Kreative gelbe Glühbirnen-Rakete mit Explosion und Rauchwolken hebt ab. Kreative Idee, Konzept. Generierung neuer Gedanken und Ideen. Wissenschaft und Technologie. Denken Sie anders. Start (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

KREATIVE GLÜHBIRNEN-RAKETE MIT EXPLOSION UND WOLKEN STARTET AUF DUNKLEM HINTERGRUND, KONZEPT. ERFOLGREICHER START-UP, KREATIVE IDEE. DENKEN SIE ANDERS. KREATIVER GENERATOR. KLUG UND DURCHDACHT

Kreative Glühbirnen-Rakete mit Explosion und Wolken startet auf dunklem Hintergrund, Konzept. Erfolgreicher Start-up, kreative Idee. Denken Sie anders. Kreativer Generator. Klug und durchdacht (KEYSTONE/CHROMORANGE/Ales Utouka)

DIOPTER.

Diopter. Creator: Anon. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

THE HOUSE ON FIRE ON CHRISTMAS EVE, 1860. 'YOU HAD BETTER RIDE ON, FOR YOU GET NOTHING IN MY HOUSE, MR. TWISTER!'. ILLUSTRATION FROM A SHORT STORY PUBLISHED IN "ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS", 1860.

The House on Fire on Christmas Eve, 1860. Creator: Joseph Swain. The House on Fire on Christmas Eve, 1860. 'You had better ride on, for you get nothing in my house, Mr. Twister!'. Illustration from a short story published in "Illustrated London News", 1860. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

TO CHRISTINA: A CONFESSION, 1860. 'ITS CURVED SHINING FINGER DREW ME TOWARDS IT, AND I HEARD ITS VOICE SAYING "COME!" IT'S THE ONLY WAY. HASTEN! SAVE YOURSELF!'. ILLUSTRATION FROM A SHORT STORY PUBLISHED IN "ILLUSTRATED LONDON NEWS", 1860.

To Christina: a Confession, 1860. Creator: Smyth. To Christina: a Confession, 1860. 'Its curved shining finger drew me towards it, and I heard its voice saying "Come!" It's the only way. Hasten! Save yourself!'. Illustration from a short story published in "Illustrated London News", 1860. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SABOTS ELASTIQUES, AN APPARATUS FOR WALKING ON WATER, 1860. ENGRAVING FROM 'THE MANUSCRIPT DEPARTMENT OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM...ACCOMPANIED BY A BRIEF SPECIFICATION, WITHOUT DATE, BUT PROBABLY WRITTEN TOWARDS THE END OF THE LAST CENTURY, EXPLAINING THE OBJE

Sabots elastiques, an apparatus for walking on water, 1860. Engraving from 'the Manuscript department of the British Museum...accompanied by a brief specification, without date, but probably written towards the end of the last century, explaining the obje Sabots elastiques, an apparatus for walking on water, 1860. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

LOCOMOTIVE STEAM-CARRIAGE FOR COMMON ROADS, BUILT FOR THE EARL OF CAITHNESS, 1860. '...A STEAM-CARRIAGE...WITH WHICH HIS LORDSHIP, ACCOMPANIED BY LADY CAITHNESS, THE REV, W. ROSS, AND MR. RICKETT, "TRAVELLED NORTH; " IN FACT, DROVE FROM INVERNESS TO BARRO

Locomotive Steam-carriage for common roads, built for the Earl of Caithness, 1860. '...a steam-carriage...with which his Lordship, accompanied by Lady Caithness, the Rev, W. Ross, and Mr. Rickett, "travelled north; " in fact, drove from Inverness to Barro Locomotive Steam-carriage for common roads, built for the Earl of Caithness, 1860. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

HELLARD'S PATENT VICTORIA SIDE-DELIVERY REAPING AND MOWING MACHINE, 1860. 'CUTTING THE CORN [IE WHEAT] WHEN IT IS RIPE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT OPERATIONS OF HARVEST...THE IMPROVEMENTS [MR. ROBERT HELLARD] HAS PATENTED...CONSIST OF ARRANGEMENTS BY WHI

Hellard's Patent Victoria Side-Delivery Reaping and Mowing Machine, 1860. 'Cutting the corn [ie wheat] when it is ripe is one of the most important operations of harvest...the improvements [Mr. Robert Hellard] has patented...consist of arrangements by whi Hellard's Patent Victoria Side-Delivery Reaping and Mowing Machine, 1860. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

INVENTION, 1748.

Invention, 1748. Invention, 1748. Creator: Louis Fabritius Dubourg. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/HERITAGE ART)

EXPERIMENTS MADE WITH STEVENS'S BREAD-MAKING MACHINE AT MARYLEBONE WORKHOUSE, 1858. 'MR. STEVENS, THE INVENTOR OF THE A B C BREAD-MAKING MACHINE, IS A PRACTICAL BAKER, AND HAS ACHIEVED A GREAT REPUTATION FOR THE EXCELLENT QUALITIES OF HIS "FAMILY BREAD."

Experiments made with Stevens's Bread-making Machine at Marylebone Workhouse, 1858. 'Mr. Stevens, the inventor of the A B C bread-making machine, is a practical baker, and has achieved a great reputation for the excellent qualities of his "family bread." It is altogether made by his own machines, and its lightness and purity are no doubt owing to the improved means used in the manufacture of it...The results of the experiment show the most complete success...two sacks of flour were made up by hand in the usual manner, and the same quantity made up in the machine...it was found that the machine produced four 4lb.-loaves per sack more than could be obtained by hand-labour...The machine-made bread, being much cleaner than hand-made, must necessarily be more wholesome....[The machine] makes bread without the unhealthy and dirty labour of tossing and plunging the dough about with the hands and arms of men...smaller sizes are used for domestic purposes; not only for bread, but for every description of pudding, buns, sponges, cakes, and pastry in general. It may be seen in daily use at Mr. Stevens's establishment, Cambridge-road, Hackney; the family breadmaking machines being also exhibited at the Crystal Palace and at the Polytechnic Institution'. From "Illustrated London News", 1858. Experiments made with Stevens's Bread-making Machine at Marylebone Workhouse, 1858. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

CAPTAIN URQUHART EXPERIMENTING WITH HIS LIFE-PRESERVING RAFT ON THE THAMES, [IN LONDON] 1858. 'A CRAFT, ATTRACTING ATTENTION BY ITS SINGULAR APPEARANCE, HAS BEEN LATELY EXPERIMENTED ON BY THE INVENTOR, CAPTAIN W. URQUHART, OF NEW YORK, ON THE THAMES. THIS

Captain Urquhart experimenting with his Life-Preserving Raft on the Thames, [in London] 1858. 'A craft, attracting attention by its singular appearance, has been lately experimented on by the inventor, Captain W. Urquhart, of New York, on the Thames. This new life-preserving apparatus is composed of [nineteen] mattresses connected in such a manner as to form a raft. These mattresses are intended at the same time as beds for the crew and passengers. Each of them is composed of an impervious envelope of gutta-percha, containing another, of common canvas, filled with cork shavings...A valve placed at one of the corners of the outer envelope allows it to be inflated with air...a rope...is used to strengthen the apparatus, and to lash the provisions and watercasks, giving at the same time a hold to the survivors...The apparatus, when constructed on a large scale, would be of great service in saving the crews and passengers of a ship...It might be made use of also to land and embark troops, artillery, and war materials...Wishing to test fully the efficiency of his raft, [Captain Urquhart] intended a fortnight ago to cross the Channel on it from Calais to Dover, but was prevented by the Mayor of Calais'. From "Illustrated London News", 1858. Captain Urquhart experimenting with his Life-Preserving Raft on the Thames, 1858. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

BRAY'S TRACTION-ENGINE, 1858. '...THOUSANDS OF SPECTATORS...SEEMED MUCH INTERESTED AND ASTONISHED ON SEEING A STEAM-ENGINE TRAVERSING THE STREETS OF LONDON...ATTACHED WAS A TRUCK, OR PLATFORM, ON WHEELS, LOADED WITH HEAVY PACKAGES OF SEVERAL TONS WEIGHT,

Bray's Traction-engine, 1858. '...thousands of spectators...seemed much interested and astonished on seeing a steam-engine traversing the streets of London...Attached was a truck, or platform, on wheels, loaded with heavy packages of several tons weight, and thus proceeded from the manufactory of Maudslay and Field along the Westminster-road to their wharf close to Westminster-bridge...The engine is the invention of a gentleman named Bray, who has obtained a patent. It is adapted to travel up hill or down, and its speed may he increased at pleasure...Those immense masses of ironwork produced in the workshops of Maudslay and Field...machinery weighing many tons, when required to be removed, being placed on trucks, had to be drawn by...[up to] sixteen horses...[Here is a] motive force, occupying no more room than a van or a common omnibus, performing the same work with an economy of space most desirable in crowded thoroughfares, and doubtless with a great saving...this invention may be used for carrying passengers in our streets, for drawing heavily-laden carts or waggons on the highway or dragging ploughs in the fields, and for performing other necessary and important services which no animal force could sustain or accomplish'. From "Illustrated London News", 1858. Bray's Traction-engine, 1858. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

SOYER'S BARRACK COOKING APPARATUS, 1858. IMPROVED TECHNOLOGY TO IMPROVE SOLDIERS' DIETS DURING THE CRIMEAN WAR. 'THE...KITCHEN WAS OPENED BY THE LATE MUCH-LAMENTED CHEF DE CUISINE, ALEXIS SOYER, ON THE MORNING OF JULY 28. THE PURPOSE OF THE KITCHEN, AS WI

Soyer's Barrack Cooking Apparatus, 1858. Improved technology to improve soldiers' diets during the Crimean War. 'The...kitchen was opened by the late much-lamented chef de cuisine, Alexis Soyer, on the morning of July 28. The purpose of the kitchen, as will be seen, is to give a greater variety in the food of the soldier, as this stove will roast, bake, broil, fry, boil, and stew, at the same time effecting an immense saving in fuel; while its chief merit is simplicity, combined with economy. It is capable of cooking a dinner either for one man or a battalion, and, had not poor Soyer been cut off so suddenly, his intention was to have practically demonstrated its superiority over other stoves by preparing the rations of 700 soldiers in the presence of the military authorities; however, we are glad to learn that there is every probability of M. Soyer's views being effectually carried out by gentlemen who have been closely and intimately connected with the chef in matters of business'. From "Illustrated London News", 1858. Soyer's Barrack Cooking Apparatus, 1858. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

'DISTANT FRONTS, IN PALESTINE; FOR WALKING ON SAND', 1917. FROM "L'ALBUM DE LA GUERRE 1914-1919, VOLUME 2" [L'ILLUSTRATION, PARIS, 1924].

'Distant Fronts, In Palestine; For walking on sand', 1917. From "L'Album de la Guerre 1914-1919, Volume 2" [L'Illustration, Paris, 1924]. Distant Fronts, In Palestine; For walking on sand, 1917. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)

HAPPY FEMALE ARCHITECT CONTROLLING ROBOTIC ARM NEAR OFFICE BUILDING

Happy female architect controlling robotic arm near office building (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/OK SHU)

SMILING FEMALE ARCHITECT EXAMINING ROBOTIC ARM NEAR OFFICE BUILDING

Smiling female architect examining robotic arm near office building (KEYSTONE/WESTEND61/OK SHU)