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(RM) 601163434
THE VIGRA GOLD MINES, NORTH WALES: THE CRUSHING MILL, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The Vigra Gold Mines, North Wales: the Crushing Mill, 1862. 'The Vigra gold mines are situated in a most picturesque and mountainous range in the parish of Llanabar, on the north of the navigable River Mowddach...in the county of Merioneth. The geological features of this district are the Cambrian rocks, overlaid by the lower Silurian lingula flags. These rocks are coarse, greenish- grey grits. The lingula flags are chiefly slatey beds, more or less arenaceous, and interstratified with courses of sandstone. Both the Cambrians and Silurians are frequently penetrated by light grey calcareous and ordinary greenstone dykes, some of which are magnetic. In the Cambrian sandstone these dykes appear to run in all directions, the general direction being rather across the strike. In the silurian region the direction of the dykes is generally parallel with the lines of bedding. The Vigra mine is situated entirely in the lingula flags...the...water-wheel, which is about 60ft. in diameter, works a powerful Cornish crushing-machine capable of crushing forty tons of ore daily. The wheel is supplied with water from the charming little river called the Hirgwm. At the present time this mine is yielding upwards of fifteen pounds weight of gold per week'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The Vigra Gold Mines, North Wales: the Crushing Mill, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163309
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: CENTRIFUGAL PUMP BY EASTON, AMOS, AND CO..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: centrifugal pump by Easton, Amos, and Co. - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. The machine '...consists of an Appold's pump, placed in a case or tank of cast iron, on the top of which are fixed two high-pressure expansive condensing steam-engines, each of the nominal power of twenty horses, giving motion to the vertical spindle of the pump by means of a bevil-geared flywheel working into a pinion. The water is raised from a cast-iron tank, 12ft. deep, partly sunk in the ground, and containing 24,000 gallons, and is delivered over the edge of the upper tank in a sheet 42ft. wide and 10in. thick. The quantity raised as computed by Mr. Beardmore's hydraulic tables (the best authority on the subject) would be rather over 180 tons per minute...the water in the large tank is made use of for the purposes of condensation, so that the full power is got out of the steam...In the colony of Demerara, which is a low-lying fiat country, dependent entirely upon artificial means for keeping the land dry during the tropical rainy season, a great number of these pumps have been erected...[The pump is] especially suited for emptying docks, or for any purposes where tidal influence has to be encountered'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: centrifugal pump by Easton, Amos, and Co..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163264
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: BRITISH COLUMBIA AND PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND COURTS..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: British Columbia and Prince Edward Island Courts, 1862. The collection from British Columbia [in the colonial department]...consisted mainly of natural productions and articles of rude manufacture by the native Indians...[These included] curious masks worn at their religious ceremonies, specimens of their canoes, of a kind of cloth woven and ornamented by them, examples of their weapons...a large map of the district..., and specimens of woods, amongst which was a gigantic section of a tree which furnishes an admirable wood...Some of the woods were exhibited...worked up into articles for use and ornament. There were also specimens of the gold found in the colony...The collection from Prince Edward Island consisted chiefly of corn, pulse, agricultural seeds, flour, meal, pearl-barley, pork, and dairy produce, and linen and woollen manufactures...There were, also, furniture and screens made of native wood, agricultural machines and implements, harness, ships' tackles, horseshoes, preserved fish, textile materials, an article called bay-tree tallow, honey, &c. In brief, the articles exhibited were of the more severely useful description...but the collection spoke well for the industrial skill of the colony'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: British Columbia and Prince Edward Island Courts..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163194
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: WARD'S NIGHT-SIGNAL TELEGRAPH, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Ward's night-signal telegraph, 1862. '...an ingenious system of marine telegraph, consisting of flags for day and lights at night...The flags are composed of three colours that embrace strong contrasts with each other...These flags are twenty-seven in number, and furnish a representative for each letter of the alphabet...Their division of colour is such as to make them distinguishable at any seen distance...and applicable to any codebook in use, of whatever language, government, or nation, or useful in themselves without the aid of any code...The lights telegraphic arrangement is complete for holding continuous communications of any length, on any subject, over a sea range for miles around, with equal correctness and facility as by the electric on land, and practical for dispatching the international news between Europe and America...By using another lantern one hundred and sixty additional changes can be effected, and by adding a sixth the number may be again increased by three hundred and eighty-four, making the aggregate six hundred and thirty-six separate distinct signals...In our Engraving of Ward's night-signal alphabet the blank spots indicate white lights, and the sectioned ones red lights'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Ward's night-signal telegraph, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163144
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MITCHEL'S TYPE-COMPOSING MACHINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Mitchel's type-composing machine, 1862. 'The compositor is in shape a right-angled triangle, placed horizontally, with a keyboard at one of the sides furnished with thirty-nine keys. Each key, when pressed, strikes out a type from one of an equal number of brass slides standing at an incline upon the machine in a row nearly parallel with the keyboard. The type...is placed on end and pushed forward to make room for the next type by means of a notched or serrated wheel...The principle of the machine consists in the combination of bands of lengths and velocities of revolution so varied as to enable the types, at different distances from the wheel, to reach it in the order in which the keys are struck. The compositor is capable of setting up types at the rate of six letters per second, or 21,600 per hour; but, as the human fingers cannot attain to such rapidity, and allowance must be made for the operations of justifying and correcting, the work of an average trained operator will probably not exceed 24,000 or 25,000 ens per day, which is about equal to the work of two men setting up type in the ordinary mode. As each machine can employ two operators, the daily production is about 50,000 ens'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Mitchel's type-composing machine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601163139
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: LOCOMOTIVE TANK-ENGINE, BY MANNING, WARDLE AND CO..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: locomotive tank-engine, by Manning, Wardle and Co., of Leeds, 1862. Engine designed '...for the mineral traffic at ironworks, collieries, &c., and for contractors' use in the construction of public works...The tank on the boiler contains 250 gals, of water, the boiler being fed by Giffard's injectors. The engine is so arranged as to combine the greatest possible tractive power with the least weight and smallest consumption of fuel, so that although the weight, in working trim, is only about 10¼ tons, the engine will move a gross load of upwards of 200 tons on the level. Engines of this class can be constructed to work on any gauge of railway from 3ft. upwards, can be turned round on an ordinary turntable, and will follow a ballast-waggon round any curve; their light weight enabling them to be used on contractors' metals which would not carry a heavy engine. The engine at the exhibition was used for several weeks by her Majesty's commissioners to draw in the other locomotives and heavy machinery, and while thus engaged gained the good opinion of all the officials. It has been awarded a prize medal "for excellence of workmanship and adaptation for the purpose for which it was constructed".' From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: locomotive tank-engine, by Manning, Wardle and Co..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601162844
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: SUGAR-REFINING APPARATUS OF MESSRS. CAILE AND CO. OF PARIS, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: sugar-refining apparatus of Messrs. Caile and Co. of Paris, 1862. European machine processing sugar cane from the colonies. 'These gentlemen have manufacturing establishments on the largest scale in Paris, Valenciennes, Douay, Brussels, and Amsterdam; besides agencies and depots in Russia, Havannah, and many other places. They employ about 5000 workmen. This company have been noted in tropical regions for the goodness of their workmanship and, the advanced state of its scientific perfection, besides being the introducers in their own and other countries of useful inventions made, or which they have encouraged others to make, in various branches of industry. The system of vacuum apparatus, together with all the requisite mechanical appliances for actually forwarding the progressive steps by which sugar is now either produced from juice or subsequently refined from raw sugar may be seen in the western annexe. In the Belgian and French departments respectively an inspection of the graduated operations by which juice or syrup ultimately becomes a refined crystal of sugar will be found instructive, but a detailed knowledge can only be accurately acquired by inspecting the systems of mechanism exhibited at the place'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: sugar-refining apparatus of Messrs. Caile and Co. of Paris, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601162719
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: MESSRS. HENDERSON AND CO.'S CARPET POWER-LOOM, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Messrs. Henderson and Co.'s carpet power-loom, 1862. 'The power-loom exhibited by this firm is adapted for weaving either Jacquard, Brussels, or velvet-pile carpets. It comprises a new principle as well as several novelties in the arrangements of its parts, the inventions of Samuel Holdsworth, the mechanician...It is an improvement upon the looms hitherto in use, in regard to its rate of weaving and the simplicity of its construction. The looms in general use will produce, under ordinary circumstances, in the day of ten hours and a half, about twenty-five yards of best or 5-frames cloth, whereas this loom will produce about forty yards under similar conditions. It works on the "single-shed" principle, but its general arrangements are equally adapted to "double-shed," and have already been so applied. As a double-shed loom it will produce about fifty yards of 3-frames cloth per day, the cloth produced being unsurpassed in quality...As these looms are exhibited at work they become, of necessity, great points of attraction, especially to the ladies, who have thus an opportunity of seeing how those beautiful fabrics are made in which they take so great an interest'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Messrs. Henderson and Co.'s carpet power-loom, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601162359
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: FIRE-ENGINE PRESENTED TO MR. HODGES BY...INHABITANTS OF LAMBETH, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: fire-engine presented to Mr. Hodges by the inhabitants of Lambeth, 1862. 'Mr. Hodges is the head of a large and old-established distillery, situated in Pratt-street, Lambeth, to which undertaking he devotes the whole of his energies...A fire-engine, which is a necessary portion of the plant of an establishment of this kind, was not likely to be allowed by Mr. Hodges to remain quietly in its shed when his neighbour's house was on fire. He therefore very soon distinguished himself by superior courage and skill in its management, and with his fire brigade, which he had formed himself, was seldom found absent when such a calamity occurred. At the great fire in Tooley-street he displayed abilities and characteristics of a very high order, doing such good service that the thanks of the public generally were due to him. The testimonial presented to Mr. Hodges consists of a first-class fire-engine of the kind used by the London Fire Brigade...[and has] been most splendidly and lavishly decorated with appropriate bronze and other ornaments, all of which have been designed by Signor G. M. Casentini...The footboard is supported by a bronze dragon'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: fire-engine presented to Mr. Hodges by...inhabitants of Lambeth, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601162324
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: BLAST-ENGINES BY THE LILLESHALL COMPANY, SHIFFNAL, SHROPSHIRE..., 1862 CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: blast-engines by the Lilleshall Company, Shiffnal, Shropshire - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. This...fine pile of machinery, beautifully designed and built...consists of a pair of blowing-engines adapted to the use of blast-furnaces. There are four cylinders...The engines are of 45-horse power each...The cylinders stand upon an iron base of a highly ornamental character: around the outer edge of it are placed a range of columns standing upon appropriate plinths. The columns are eight in number, Roman Doric in character, and supporting an entablature and cornice of a similar style. Upon this are placed the plummer- blocks which carry the gudgeons of the beams. The flywheel ends of these beams are curved upwards in a peculiar manner - we suppose for the purpose of giving greater length to the connecting-rods. These engines are capable of blowing two cold blast-furnaces, and are arranged to work together or separately with great economy....The Lilleshall Company are manufacturers of all kinds of high-pressure expansive and condensing engines and colliery plant, including locomotives...They are also extensive manufacturers of sugar-mills, pumping machinery, saw-mills, rolling-mills, &c'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: blast-engines by the Lilleshall Company, Shiffnal, Shropshire..., 1862 Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601162134
BRAY'S TRACTION-ENGINE DRAWING A GIRDER...THROUGH THE STREETS OF LONDON BY NIGHT..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
Bray's traction-engine drawing a girder 74 feet long and weighing twenty tons through the streets of London by night - the monster load passing the Bank of England, 1862. 'A wrought-iron girder, of the hog-back construction...had to be removed from...New North-road, to...Dulwich, where it is to form part of a bridge for the London, Chatham, and Dover Railway...Two strong trucks were put underneath it, the one in front being a large four-wheel boiler truck, and the second, which bore the weight behind, a very heavy "trolly" with two wheels. These trucks together formed the carriage, the girder being kept in its position by stout chains...Naptha lamps, to light the workmen and give warning to all passers-by, were fixed along the whole line of the girder; and, thus equipped, with the traction-engine yoked in front, the massive load went upon its journey, multitudes turning out...and crowding the footways to witness the unusual sight...It was daylight when the final destination was attained...It would have required twenty-five horses to draw it by the ordinary method, and the difficulty of getting such a number of animals to pull together, to say nothing of the obstruction they would cause to the regular traffic, may be readily imagined'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Bray's traction-engine drawing a girder...through the streets of London by night..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601162013
COMMENCEMENT OF THE THAMES EMBANKMENT: DRIVING THE FIRST PILE..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
Commencement of the Thames Embankment: driving the first pile in front of the Duke of Buccleuch's mansion, [London], 1862. An '...important work was very nearly spoiled, and for some time interrupted, not by the Sovereign, but by a Duke, who had possessed himself of some Government leases, and the battle of the "Thames Embankment," memorable for the mistakes of a Secretary of State and the imperturbable good humour and pluck of the Prime Minister, was fought out with considerable skill and much acerbity. The popular side gained; and the Duke of Buccleuch, if he should ever inhabit his new house, will have the mortification of seeing omnibuses and waggons pass along the road between his ducal presence and the silent highway. We must own, however, that the Duke, when he could no longer withstand, yielded with a good grace...when the embankment is finished, running as it will from Pimlico to Blackfriars-bridge, and beyond it, the relief to the crowded Strand and Fleet-street will be enormous. A commencement has been made with this important undertaking...several barges were moored in the river, immediately opposite the mansion, and gangs of labourers have since been busily employed in driving piles into the bed of the river'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. Commencement of the Thames Embankment: driving the first pile..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601161988
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: GRUNER'S PATENT FOLDING, STITCHING AND PRESSING MACHINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Gruner's patent folding, stitching and pressing machine, 1862. 'This compact little folding-machine, a Swiss invention...is constructed...to fold printed or white sheets of paper with far greater precision than the most experienced hands can do it, at the rate of 1400 to 1500 sheets of any size per hour...As the rollers are adjustable according to the thickness of the paper, the folds are so flat and the sheets so well glazed and pressed that the bookbinder can immediately begin wrappering. It is...so constructed as to fold the largest as well as the smallest sheets, and both the stitching and pressing apparatus, or each singly, may be detached by the loosening of a single screw. It can be worked by either steam or hand, a boy being sufficient for that purpose...The patentee furnishes these machines to fold sheets of any size...at a comparatively low price; and judging from the many favourable testimonials from some of the...most renowned Continental publishing firms, these machines have proved themselves highly useful, saving both time and money, and are daily getting more into use on the other side of the Channel, where hand-labour, which it entirely superseded, is even much cheaper than with us'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Gruner's patent folding, stitching and pressing machine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601161734
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: BESLEY'S TYPE-CASTING MACHINE..., 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Besley's type-casting machine - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. Machine '...exhibited by Messrs. Charles Reed and Benjamin Fox [and] engaged...in casting type used in this number of the "Illustrated London News"...The popular idea is that print-types are made of lead, but, when the extreme pressure to which the metal has to be subjected is considered, it is manifest that a composition of a much greater resisting power is required for the purpose of producing impressions on paper...The machine consists of a pan for holding the [hard] metal, with a well and piston, the latter with a side lever, connecting-rod, and cross-bar attached to the piston-rod and worked with a cam. To the pan is fixed a "jobber", used to prevent the return of the metal after it is pumped into the mould, which is fixed to the front of the machine, and held to the pan whilst the type is being cast. When the type is cast the mould is drawn back by means of a spiral spring, and the mould is opened by a bar and rod, which are also used for delivering the matrix. Other arms and plates are adapted for fixing and lowering the mould. The machine is driven by a lever and motion-crank'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Besley's type-casting machine..., 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601161729
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: RANSOME AND SIMS' AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Ransome and Sims' agricultural machinery - from a photograph by the London Stereoscopic Company, 1862. 'Amongst the great changes which have marked the progress of British agriculture during the last twenty years, scarcely one is more remarkable than the readiness with which agriculturists have adopted the uses of machinery...In this trade the name which stands out most prominently...is that of Ransome...[which has] the largest...[and] the most comprehensive display of farm machinery in the section...A case containing the gold, silver, and bronze medals awarded to the firm occupies the centre of the gallery-front, and immediately under it is placed a horizontal steam-engine of 15-horse power...At the extreme limits of the stand are placed two portable engines...Between [these]...and adapted to be driven by them, are placed two large-combined steam-thrashing machines, each capable of delivering an imperial bushel of perfectly-dressed grain per minute...Upstairs, in the gallery, are the new self-raking sheaf-delivery-reaper...; the smaller class of machines for preparing food for cattle; and also a representative assortment of the patent ploughs for which this firm has been so long and so deservedly celebrated'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Ransome and Sims' agricultural machinery, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601161629
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: CRANSTON'S WOOD'S GRASS-MOWING MACHINE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Cranston's Wood's grass-mowing machine, 1862. 'It will be observed that the machine runs on two wheels, which give motion to the knife-bar by means of suitable gearing and a connecting-rod which lies between the frame that stretches to the right of the driver and the crank which projects from beneath the driver's feet in front. A circular is thus changed for a vibratory motion. The knife-bar consists of a series of triangular blades, with points three inches apart; these work through fingers placed at equal distances, which form a support for the grass to be cut and a protection to the cutters. The gearing and cutters are attached to a frame which rests upon the axle of the driving-wheels, and have an action independent of the draught-pole, allowing the cutters to pass over the uneven surface of the ground. The pinions which play in the gearing attached to the spokes are provided with ratchets in their inner side, which allow them to work in unison with or independent of each other...The driver can raise the knife-frame without stopping his horses, and, by a motion of the foot, can so throw the knives out of gear that, by lifting the frame at the same time, the machine becomes as portable as an ordinary cart'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Cranston's Wood's grass-mowing machine, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601161118
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: FOWLER'S PATENT FOUR-FURROW STEAM-PLOUGH, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Fowler's patent four-furrow steam-plough, 1862. 'The first aim was to show the superiority of steam to horse power in the inversion and cultivation of the soil. This triumph was achieved in the year 1858 at Chester, where Mr. Fowler won the prize of £500 offered by the Royal Agricultural Society to any inventor who should practically prove upon a given tract of land that steam was an economical substitute for horse power in the operation of ploughing...Mr. Fowler's two sets are attached to a triangular frame, two sides of which secure the diagonal order of the ploughs, while the third side braces end to end. This frame being balanced in the middle upon a pair of high travelling-wheels, one set of ploughs is held in the air while the other is in work. A man rides on this implement to steer it, and commands an admirable contrivance for gathering up the slack rope and keeping it uniformly tight. The plough may be fitted as a simple cultivator for breaking up and not inverting the soil, or an implement specially made for that purpose can be used...Land can thus be tilled at any time, to any depth, with-out the pressure of a horse's foot, and for much less money than it could be done by horse power'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Fowler's patent four-furrow steam-plough, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601160854
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION - PRIZE MEDAL - OBVERSE, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition - Prize Medal - obverse, 1862. Design by Maclise, made by Leonard C. Wyon. 'The ill effect of crowding the composition is particularly observable in the lion, for the forepaws indicate the attitude of crouching over the trident, while the hind quarters, from the necessity in this view of the animal of forcing them into the design, look as if foreshortened in the recumbent position. Besides the lion there are no less than seven figures... Britannia, raised on a dais, is armed with the usual Minerva-like helmet...The rose of England serves as an ornament to the edge of her throne. Female impersonifications...await the wreath before her...Machinery stands beside the cogged wheels of a machine, and supports a heavy press on her shoulders; Manufactures, richly attired, unfolds a roll of some gorgeously-figured fabric, and by her side are a casket, a vase, a goblet, and an altar cross; the last intended doubtless to indicate that the choicest of her productions are consecrated to the service of religion. Raw Produce is, properly, dressed very simply, a fur skin covering the lower part of her figure. She holds...fruits, cereals, and geological specimens - gold nuggets, we are at liberty to suppose, among the rest'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition - Prize Medal - obverse, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601160498
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: GREAT SUGAR-MILL, BY MIRRLEES AND TAIT, OF GLASGOW, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Great Sugar-Mill, by Mirrlees and Tait, of Glasgow, 1862. 'The use of this mill is to express the juice from the cane...an endless travelling-table...carries the canes up to the three great revolving rollers, between which it is drawn, and while passing between them subjected to the maximum pressure considered necessary...The mill is driven by steam power...which consists of a six-columned high-pressure beam-engine...The whole is exhibited in motion, and...attracts a large amount of attention...[The machine] strikes the spectator with a sort of awe; for its terrific crushing powers are evident to the unscientific visitors, and they naturally shrink away from it lest coat-tails or crinoline should accidentally he nipped between those terrible rollers. At the back...is an extensive range of apparatus, partially seen in our Engraving. It consists of three large copper vacuum-pans, with all the necessary fittings. A gallery has been erected round the pans to enable visitors to inspect them. The whole is of copper and brass, polished and burnished to the highest attainable pitch of brightness...these machines are used on the plantations where the sugar is grown, and the product exported either as sugar, molasses, or rum'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Great Sugar-Mill, by Mirrlees and Tait, of Glasgow, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
(RM) 601160119
THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION: GWYNNE'S CENTRIFUGAL PUMP, 1862. CREATOR: UNKNOWN.
The International Exhibition: Gwynne's Centrifugal Pump, 1862. '... the patented pump of Messrs. Gwynne...is a large and important affair...the cascade produced being a veritable waterfall...This machine consists of a centrifugal pump, driven direct by two horizontal steam-engines of 20-horse power each, so arranged as to draw the water from a tank on the ground floor of the building, and raise it to an elevation of about 24ft. into an upper tank...the water, falling back into the lower one, forms a beautiful cascade 10ft. wide...The pump, when worked with 30lb. steam pressure, discharges about 100 tons of water per minute...four small pumpcases, connected by pipes with the large pump, [are] fitted with copper mouthpieces. These...on a valve being opened, emit streams of water...No correct opinion can be formed of the great efficacy of this pump, except by regarding the four conditions essential to the proper estimate of any hydraulic machine, viz: The power employed, the quantity of water raised, the height to which it is raised, and the time required to raise it. Casual observers, omitting these considerations, and looking only at the size of the discharge-pipe, may be led to form a very incorrect judgment on this important point'. From "Illustrated London News", 1862. The International Exhibition: Gwynne's Centrifugal Pump, 1862. Creator: Unknown. (KEYSTONE/HERITAGE IMAGES/THE PRINT COLLECTOR)
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