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SCHWEIZ KUNSTTURNEN MARCEL ADATTE PETER STIEFENHOFER GASSER

Von links nach rechts die Sieger Peter Stiefenhofer, Marcel Adatte, Schweizer Turner des Turnvereins der Alten Sektion Zuerich und Gasser am Stadtzuercher Turnfest des Jahres 1943. (KEYSTONE/PHOTOPRESS-ARCHIV/Str)

SCHWEIZ KUNSTTURNEN MARCEL ADATTE

Marcel Adatte, Schweizer Turner des Turnvereins der Alten Sektion Zuerich, am Stadtzuercher Turnfest des Jahres 1943. (KEYSTONE/PHOTOPRESS-ARCHIV/Str)

SCHWEIZ KUNSTTURNEN MARCEL ADATTE

Marcel Adatte, Schweizer Turner des Turnvereins der Alten Sektion Zuerich, am Stadtzuercher Turnfest des Jahres 1943. (KEYSTONE/PHOTOPRESS-ARCHIV/Str)

SCHWEIZ KUNSTTURNEN MARCEL ADATTE

Marcel Adatte, Schweizer Turner des Turnvereins der Alten Sektion Zuerich, bei einer Aufwaermuebung am Stadtzuercher Turnfest des Jahres 1943. (KEYSTONE/PHOTOPRESS-ARCHIV/Str)

FRANKREICH FILM MARIKA ROEKK

Die Filmschauspielerin, Saengerin und Taenzerin Marika Roekk (1913-2004), Mitte, Ginette Leclerc (1912-1992), links, und Annie France, rechts, treffen sich am 13. Oktober 1943 in Paris. (KEYSTONE/IBA-ARCHIV/Str)

CHINA JAPAN KRIEG

Truppen der Kuomintang fuehren im Dezember 1943 bei den Kaempfen gegen die japanischen Truppen im Raum Tschangteh, China, gefangene japanische Soldaten ab, denen die Augen verbunden wurden. (KEYSTONE/PHOTOPRESS-ARCHIV/Str)

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): Devastation and destruction scarred the city of Stalingrad, long after the battle for control of the city had been won by the Red Army. Here, a stricken German fighter plane sits stubbed in rubble having been shot from the skies and in the background, the blasted hulks of buildings loom, riddled with the gaping holes of five months bombardment and bitter streetfighting. (KEYSTONE/ITAR-TASS/RBO/Str) === , ===

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD KESSELSCHLACHT

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): Following Paulus' surrender on 31st January 1942 and the final German capitulation two days later, some 110,000 men of the 6th army that remained were rounded up by the Soviets and marched to Siberia. When the war ended, only 5000 returned. The exact losses of the Stalingrad campaign will never be fully calculated but approximately 300,000 Axis troops were lost, along with 1,000 tanks and 1,800 guns, losses Hitler cold ill afford and losses that certainly accelerated the demise of the Third Reich. Russian losses, including soldiers and civilians, were more terrible and are estimated at being anything between one and two million (KEYSTONE/CAMERA PRESS/NOV/MO/Str) === , ===

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD SOWJETISCHE OFFENSIVE

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): The battle for Stalingrad rapidly degenerated into vicious machine-gun and grenade exchanges for small rooms; hand-to-hand combat and bayonets gained victories in terms of feet. Here Russian Red Army troops advance on German positions across the levelled remains of the city which has been decimated by nearly five months of fighting and bombing. (KEYSTONE/CAMERA PRESS/IWM/Str)

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD SOWJETISCHE OFFENSIVE

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): The battle for Stalingrad rapidly degenerated into vicious machine-gun and grenade exchanges for small rooms; hand-to-hand combat and bayonets gained victories in terms of feet. Here, Russian Red Army troops assault a shattered building, from the depths of which German pockets of resistance are still firing. (KEYSTONE/CAMERA PRESS/SW/Str) === , ===

UDSSR STALINGARD CHUIKOV

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): General Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (second from left), the Russian general chiefly responsible for the successful resistance to the German armies during the battle for Stalingrad, which raged from 19th August 1942 - 2nd February 1943, pictured in the dug-out command quarters of the 62nd Army. Chuikov was a peasant's son and he looked it. He wore a uniform so rumpled that he was sometimes mistaken for an enlisted man and his unkempt black hair kept falling over his forehead while his smile displayed rows of gold-capped teeth. During the fighting, Chuikov suffered stress-induced eczema, which was so painful, he had to wrap bandages around his hands to cover open sores (which you may see in this picture). Chuikov graduated from the Frunze Military Academy in the 1920s and had been military advisor to Chiang Kai-Shek from 1926-37. In September 1942 Chuikov was made Commander of the 62nd Army isolated in Stalingrad. He used all the reserves to keep the line of defence against general Paulus's 6th Army. His tactics were to place units in isolated parts of the city and have pockets of stiff resistance. This led the Germans to overestimate the numbers engaged in fighting in the city. He also urged his troops to 'hug' the enemy, and stick close to German positions, thus nullifying German aerial superiority since the Germans then risked bombing their own men and issued the edict: "There is no land across the Volga," thereby dismissing any thought of retreat. Chuikov's troops initially lost ground, at one point leaving the Germans in control of nine-tenths of the city, but the 6th Army's reserves of equipment, fuel and men were being exhausted in the attritional house-to-house fighting. During Yeremenko's and Rokossovsky's offensive November offensive to encircle Paulus in Stalingrad Chuikov's armies stood firm and eventually ground out victory. (KEYSTONE/ITAR-TASS/Str) === , ===

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): Following five moths of the bitterest fighting imaginable, which raged from 19th August 1942 - 2nd February 1943, the city of Stalingrad had been virtually razed but German General Paulus' 6th army had finally been destroyed. After Paulus' surrender, the people of Stalingrad who had previously fled the carnage, began to return to the shattered city - an eerie snow-covered hell, littered with corpses and twisted metal awaited them. Perhaps more than a million civilians lost their lives as a result of the battle for Stalingrad. (KEYSTONE/ITAR-TASS/Str) === , ===

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD SOWJETISCHE OFFENSIVE

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): Russian troops fire their machine-guns against an unseen enemy in the devastated streets of the city of Stalingrad, in the winter of 1942-43. In the distance to the right, the chimney-stack of the Flour Mill is just visible on the horizon, one of the few buildings not be totally levelled by the carnage. (KEYSTONE/CAMERA PRESS/IWM/Str)

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD KESSELSCHLACHT

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): Taken in February 1943, this picture shows Russian troops making their way through the eerie hell that Stalingrad had become following five months of the most brutal and unrelenting bombardment and fighting, between 19th August 1942 - 2nd February 1943. Stalingrad was all but razed to the ground by General Paulus' assault but the armies of Russian General Chuikov in the city were able to hold on until a massive encirclement exercise was completed against the Germans in November 1942 and Paulus' 6th army was cut off. Paulus' disastrous defeat was followed by three days of solemn music on German State radio. (KEYSTONE/CAMERA PRESS/NOV/MO/Str)

ZWEITER WELTKRIEG OSTFRONT STALINGRAD SOWJETISCHE OFFENSIVE

Stalingrad 60th Anniversary (1942-1943): The battle for Stalingrad begins as German and Russian troops fight it out in the ruined streets of the city as the fighting between armies degenerated into vicious machine-gun and grenade exchanges for small rooms; hand-to-hand combat and bayonets gained victories in terms of feet. A German lieutenant in 24th Panzer Division engaged in the fierce battle wrote: "Stalingrad is no longer a town. By day it is an enormous cloud of burning, blinding smoke; it is a vast furnace lit by the reflection of the flames. And when night arrives, one of those scorching, howling, bleeding nights, the dogs plunge into the Volga and swim desperately to gain the other bank. The nights of Stalingrad are a terror for them. Animals flee this hell; the hardest stones cannot bear it for long; only men endure." (KEYSTONE/CAMERA PRESS/NOV/MO/Str)