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Early excavations at the site where Paranthropus was discovered. Dr. Mary Leakey and an assistant can be seen. Paranthropus were bipedal hominins that probably descended from the gracile australopithecine hominins (Australopithecus). Paranthropus first appeared roughly 2.7 million years ago. Most species had a brain about 40% the size of a modern human brain. (KEYSTONE/SCIENCE SOURCE/Des Bartlett)